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Anthropology 1220 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Relatedness

A

The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of ways

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2
Q

Family

A

At minimum, a women or man and her or his dependant children

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3
Q

Marriage

A

An institution that prototypically:

  • involves a man and a woman
  • transforms the status of participants
  • carries implications about sexual access
  • give offspring a position in society
  • establishes connections between the kin of a husband and kin of wife
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4
Q

Kinship

A

Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance

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5
Q

Affinial

A

Related through marriage

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6
Q

Consanguineal

A

Relationships of decent, regardless of whether the child is related at birth, adoption, sperm/ovum donation, or surrogacy

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7
Q

Bridewealth

A

The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to family of the bride

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8
Q

Endogamy

A

Marriage within a defined social group

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9
Q

Exogamy

A

Marriage outside a defined social group

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10
Q

Monogamy

A

A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one person at a time

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11
Q

Polygamy

A

A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one person at a time

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12
Q

Dowry

A

The transfer of wealth from parents to their children (usually a daughter) at time of marriage

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13
Q

Non conjugal family

A

A women (usually) and her (or his) children with it without a second parent

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14
Q

Conjugal family

A

A family based on marriage; and a minimum, a spousal pair and their children

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15
Q

Nuclear family

A

A family made up of 2 generations: parents and their unmarried children

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16
Q

Extended family

A

A family pattern made up of 3 generations living together: parents, married children, and their offspring

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17
Q

Joint family

A

A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives (or sisters and their husbands) along with their children and sometimes parents living together

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18
Q

Blended family

A

A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing children from previous marriage

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19
Q

Family of choice

A

A family created over time by new kin ties as friends and lovers demonstrate their commitment to one another

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20
Q

Bilateral decent

A

A pattern of decent based on connections of relatedness from both mother and father

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21
Q

Unilineal descent

A

Pattern of descent based on connections of relatedness from one parent

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22
Q

Matrilineal descent

A

Descent from mothers side

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23
Q

Patrilineal descent

A

Descent from fathers side

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24
Q

Ego

A

The person from whose perspective the kinship associations are being mapped and/ or discussed

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25
Q

Lineage

A

A descent group composed of blood relatives who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors

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26
Q

Clan

A

A descent group formed by members who believe they have common ancestors, even if they can’t specify the genealogical links

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27
Q

Segmentary opposition

A

An approach to dispute resolution and social organizations in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchical level

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28
Q

Ascribed statuses

A

Social positions people are assigned at birth

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29
Q

Achieved statuses

A

Social position people may attain later in life, often as a result of their own effort

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30
Q

Age sets

A

Non kin social groups composed of young men born within a specified time span

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31
Q

Sodalities

A

Non-kin social groups that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and/or personal interest

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32
Q

Secret societies

A

Non-kin social groups that initiate young men or women into social adulthood and reveal “secret” knowledge to initiated members

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33
Q

Unfree labour

A

An all encompassing term for the formalized coercion of men, women, and children (through need or violence) to provide their labour

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34
Q

Economy

A

The culturally specific processes used by members of a society to provide themselves with material resources

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35
Q

Economic anthropology

A

The part of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living

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36
Q

Scarcity

A

A condition under which it is assumed that resources (money) will never be plentiful enough for people to obtain all the goods or services they desire

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37
Q

Institutions

A

Stable and enduring cultural practices that organize social life

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38
Q

Subsistence strategies

A

The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption, that members of a society use to meet their basic material survival needs

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39
Q

Fool collectors

A

People who gather wild plant materials, fish, and or hunt for food

40
Q

Food producers

A

People who depend on domesticated plants and or animals for food

41
Q

Production

A

The transformation of nature’s raw materials into a form suitable for human use

42
Q

Distribution

A

The allocation of goods and services

43
Q

Consumption

A

Using up material goods necessary for human survival

44
Q

Neoclassical economic theory

A

A formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution

45
Q

Modes of exchange

A

Patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, retribution, and market exchange

46
Q

Reciprocity

A

A mode of exchange in which individuals exchange goods and/or services (1) under the assumption that the exchanges will eventually balance out (2) with the expectation of immediate balance (3) in the hope that at least one party will get something for nothing

47
Q

Redistribution

A

A mode of exchange in which a centralized social organization receives contributions from all members of the group and redistributes them in a way that provides for every member

48
Q

Market exchange

A

A mode of exchange in which the exchange of goods (trade) is calculated in terms of a multi purpose medium of exchange and standard of value (money) and carried on by a means of a supply demand price mechanism (the market)

49
Q

Labour

A

The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them

50
Q

Mode of production

A

A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labour is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

51
Q

Means of production

A

The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature

52
Q

Relations of production

A

The social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production

53
Q

Ideology

A

Those products of consciousness- such as mortality, religion, and metaphysics - that purport to explain to people who they are and to justify the kinds of lives they lead

54
Q

Cultural ecology

A

The study of the ways in which human beings relate to one another and to their natural environment

55
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the ways in which living species relate to one another and to their natural environment

56
Q

Ecozone

A

The particular mixture of plant and animal species occupying any particular region of the earth

57
Q

Ecotone

A

A transition area between two different ecozones that displays characteristics of both ecozones

58
Q

Econiche

A

The sum total of relations between a species and the plants and animals on which it relies for survival ; these relations define those places where species is “at home”

59
Q

Affluence

A

The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs.

60
Q

Play

A

A framing or orienting context that (1) is consciously adopted by the players (2) is pleasurable and (3) alludes to the non play world by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristics of the non play world

61
Q

Art

A

A representation that relates to an object, an experience, or some other component of the world and evokes a felt response

62
Q

Myth

A

A representative story that embodies a cultures assumptions about the way that society or the world in general must operate

63
Q

Ritual

A

A representative social practice set off from everyday routine and composed of a sequence of symbolic activities that adhere to a culturally defined ritual schema and are closely connected t a specific set of ideas significant to the culture

64
Q

Metacommunication

A

Communicating about the process of communication

65
Q

Framing

A

An understood boundary that marks cartain behaviours as “play” or as “ordinary life”

66
Q

Sport

A

And aggressively competitive, often physically exertive activity governed by game like rules that are patterned and agreed upon by all participants

67
Q

Transformation representation

A

The process in which experience is transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium

68
Q

Orthodoxy

A

Correct doctrine; the prohibition of deviation from certain generally accepted rules or beliefs

69
Q

Rite of passage

A

A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one position to another

70
Q

Liminal period

A

The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions

71
Q

Communitas

A

An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals frequently found in fires of passage

72
Q

Orthopaxy

A

Correct practice; the prohibition of deviation from certain generally accepted forms of behaviour

73
Q

Health

A

a persons general social, psychological, and physical conditions

74
Q

Well being

A

A culturally defined state (or role) of general physical and mental comfort and good health; a lack of illness

75
Q

Medical anthropology

A

An area of anthropological inquiry that focuses on issues of well being health illness, and disease as they are situated in their wider cultural context

76
Q

Biomedicine

A

Traditionally western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological science

77
Q

Disease

A

Forms of biological impairment identified and explained within the discourse of biomedicine

78
Q

Suffering

A

The forms of physical, mental, or emotional, distress experienced by individuals who may or may not subscribe to biomedical understandings of disease

79
Q

Sickness

A

Classifications oh physical, mental m, and emotional distress recognized by members of a particular cultural community

80
Q

Culture-bound syndromes

A

Sickness, as well as the therapists to relieve them, that are unique to a particular cultural group

81
Q

Illness

A

A suffering persons own understanding of his or her distress

82
Q

Traditional knowledge

A

Knowledge that is culturally held and passed on from generation to generation

83
Q

Ethnomedical systems

A

Alternative medical systems based on practices of local sociocultural groups

84
Q

Shaman

A

A pet-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power through altered states of consciousness to travel to or contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups (can be medical)

85
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the causes of disease and/or an illness

86
Q

Folk illness

A

A culture-bound illness; a set of symptoms that are grouped together under a single label only within a particular culture

87
Q

Biotic

A

Living; biological

88
Q

Abiotic

A

Non-living; physical

89
Q

Realized niche

A

The portion of the habitable world that a group of people is forced to utilize and to which it becomes highly adapted

90
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

An accumulation of a toxic substance in a biological organism over time

91
Q

Biomagnification

A

An increase in the concentration of a toxic substance from the bottom to the top of the food chain

92
Q

Defensive research

A

Research that is designed and conducted by individuals outside the affected community without consulting members of the community about their interests or concerns

93
Q

Positive research

A

Research that is designed with fair consideration of the interests and concerns of members of the affected community and conducted with consideration of cultural contexts within the community

94
Q

Structural violence

A

Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population

95
Q

Social trauma

A

Individuals and group experience of negative physical, mental, and emotional effects resulting from powerfully disturbing occurrences caused by forces and agents external to the persons or group

96
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence, spread, management, and prevention of infectious disease

Anthropology 1220 (3 decks)

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