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Neonatal and Pediatric Resp Care > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Signs of Hypoxia

A

Grunting, Nasal Flaring, and Cyanosis

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2
Q

Oxygenation in the neonate/ pediatric

A

Neonate, PaO2= 60mmHg, SaO2= 90% (100 or higher PaO2 risk of blindness)
Pediatrics, PaO2= 80-100mmHg, SaO2= 95%-99%

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3
Q

When Hypoxia present SpO2 and PaO2 acceptable range

A

SpO2 88-95%, PaO2 50-80mmHg

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4
Q

Hazards of O2 Therapy (neonate)

A

+Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) from high PaO2
+Atelectasis-absorption atelectasis-frigh high FiO2-Nitrogen washout
+Pulmonary vasodilation : V/Q mismatch
+O2 toxicity (pulm fibrosis) from high FiO2: stiffens lungs

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5
Q

best choice for long term low flow O2 Delivery

A

Cannula- be careful of necrosis

Usually tolerated well (tape to face, ears cant hold)

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6
Q

Cannula Flow

A

Flowmeters (0.1 to 3lpm) Max 5

Blenders to adjust FiO2-NICU precise FiO2

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7
Q

Disadvantages of Cannula

A 
Inadvertent CPAP (can be advantage)
Dries nasal mucosal
Inaccurate FiO2 varies with patients : Resp pattern (RR, Flow rate), Size, age.
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8
Q

High flow nasal cannula

A

Heated and humidified, Reduces upper airway drying out, Equipment: blender, Heated Humidifier, Special Cannula

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9
Q

Face Masks

A

Usually tolerated poorly by conscious infants and children,
For moderate FiO2s
More control of FiO2
All Varieties available: Non-rebreathing, simple, Venturi (air entrainment)

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10
Q

Air Entrainment Nebulizer

A

Need high moisture, Need precise FiO2
Heat and humidity for application to artificial airway
Heat when applying to infants
Devices: Aerosol mask, trach collar, face tent, hood, tpiece

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11
Q

Best choice for controlled FiO2

A

Hood

  • Oxygen must be heated and humidified
  • Mixed gases may be supplied by a blender and either a heated humidifier or heated aerosol
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12
Q

Hood -Mixed gases may be supplied by a blender and either a heated humidifier or heated aerosol

A
  • blender is quiet and accurate
  • Heated neb on 100% with blender to adjust FiO2, cuts down on noise
  • Heated humidifier most efficient
  • Must have enough flow to flush through the system
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13
Q

Analyze O2 in hood where

A

as near to pt mouth as possible, dont keep analyzer in all the time due to moisture

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14
Q

Isolatte

A

Oxygen must be warmed and humidified. Oxygen analyzer near patients head.
FiO2 of 25-30% or less

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15
Q

Resuscitation bags

A

+Self inflating, use reservoir-mostly neo
+Flow-inflating- no valves
+Always have a manometer in line, dont want too much pressure-> barotrauma

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16
Q

Aerosolized drug therapy

A

Small volume neb (SVN)
Metered dose inhaler (MDI)- via Mask CHAMBER
Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) - Older kids
Small Particle Aerosol Generator (SPAG)- Riboviran

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17
Q

Types of nebs

A 
Jet nebulizer (most common)
Ultra Sonic - break up particles
Mesh nebulizer- Electronic, vent or home use
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18
Q

Neb inline with vent

A

Adds Vt if run off different source (electronic preferred)
Increases Peak pressure on volume vent. !!
Pressure vent. will still only reach preset pressure
Add near humidifier and neb on exhalation, fills the inspiratory limb
Cool gas to run neb cools down gas and causes more rainout, losing meds to rainout

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19
Q

Intermittent vs Continuous neb

A

up to Q15 min treatments until relief
continuous neb, between 7.5mg to 15 mg per hour
-need special neb (Heart or hope)
-Must have continous heart monitoring

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20
Q

No Aerosols on

A

Asthmatics except neb

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21
Q

Undiluted Albuteral

A 
Continuous neb..
Asthmatic in crisis, 
Nebulize 1-2ml (5-10mg
Continuous monitoring
(heart rate increases affects electrolyte K+, kids self regulate dose to size 10%)
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22
Q

DPI flow rate

A

Each DPI is different

Need flow rate of 30-60 lmp

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23
Q

Cough techniques (most effective)

A

Forced Expiration Technique (FET) “huff cough”

Autogenic Drainage: CF pt very focused and difficult-> partial breath repeat cough

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24
Q

Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) technique

A

EzPAP
Flutter Valve-certain angle
Acapella
Metaneb

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25
Q

Cough Assist Technique

A

Insufflator-exsufflator
Manual Rib cage compressions
Quad Cough-push on ab

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26
Q

Procedure before and after airway clearance techniques

A

Auscultation, Postural drainage, Percussion, vibration, removal of secretions (cough) (can increase ICP if head down), reapeat auscultation

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27
Q

Hyperinflation Therapy

A

IS-Cant hold up head, cant see, cant 10ml/kg IBW
IPPB- Cant cooperate
Mask CPAP-last resort, atelectasis

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28
Q

Indication for intubation

A 
Pulmonary function (disease)-Lung not working
Provide an airway (obstruction)- Epiglotitis 
Protect the airway (aspiration)
Pulmonary hygiene (Secretion removal)
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29
Q

ETT

A 
1cm markings, 
standard 15mm adaptor, 
2.5-10size range (may have size 2)
ID=(age / 4) + 4
Adult size at 12-14 years, F 7-8.5, M 8-10
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30
Q

Cuffed vs. Uncuffed

A

Up to practitioner, all sizes except 2.5 come with cuffs or without, all cuffed at 5.5

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31
Q

LMA

A

Used in surgery, covers throat opening, back up airway for difficult intubations, short term ventilation, low pressure ventilation (no High)

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32
Q

Suction

A 
Yankauer (tonsil tip)
Catheters etc
Peds sx 80-100
infants 60-80
Adults 100-120
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33
Q

Intubation Procedures

A 
\+Orotracheal
-Sniffing Position, do not over extend
-Preoxygenate
-30sec max
-Co2 detector(only work with BF)
-Auscultate 
-Direct visualization(watch two cords)
-CXR
\+Nasotracheal
-One size smaller than oral
-Magill forceps
\+blind (DONT DO)
34
Q

withdrawal ETT tube when

A

during manual inspiration at peak if possible. Complications after extubation: Sore throat, Hoarseness, Edema: leading to stridor- treat with racemic epi, steroids, heliox

35
Q

when to trach

A 
Airway obstruction (congenital)
long term vent
Pulmonary hygiene
36
Q

IRDS can develop

A

bronchopulmonarydysplasia

37
Q

Complications of tracheostomy

A 
Most common leading to death
-Plugging of airway with mucous: keep air moist
-Accidental decannulation
Others
-Bleeding
-granulation
-erosion
-Tracheomalacia
-Speech and phonation (passy muir)
-Swallowing
38
Q

catheter size for suctioning

A

1/2 the ID of tube

39
Q

Preoxygenate

A

10-20% higher or 100 if needed, manually ventilate using same peak pressures and PEEP

40
Q

Lavage Controversial

A

NaCL

Use small amounts, 0.5 to 1ml for neonates

41
Q

Surfactant agents

A

Surface-active agents that lower surface tension
-Surface tension is the force caused by attraction between like molecules that occurs at liquid-gas interfaces and that hold the liquid surface intact (measure in dynes per centimeter)

42
Q

Two types of surface tension in the lung

A
  1. Surface tension of pulmonary edema, you want to decrease the tension to break the bubble
    - Pulmonating P.E : pink frothy secretions overload
  2. Force in the alveoli that pulls them in, you want to decrease the tension of the alveoli to prevent collapse
43
Q

Surfactant is produced by

A

Type II alveoli cells: 26weeks

90-95% is reabsorbed by the Type II cells and recycled

44
Q

Surfactants does what

A

regulates the surface tension forces of the liquid alveolar lining.
Lowers surface tension as it is compressed during expiration, thus, reducing the amount of pressure and inspiratory effort needed to re-expand the alveoli during inspiration

45
Q

Surfactant is composed of

A

lipids and proteins

  • 90% lipids: 90% of lipids are phospholipids. About 50% of phospholipids are DPPC, aka lecithin, primary component component responsible for reducing tension
  • 10% proteins: Serum proteins, surfactant specific protein (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D)
46
Q

Exogenous means

A

surfactant produced outside of the body

  • places surfactant in the lungs of premature babies born before the type II alveoli cells are able to produce their own
  • Once the surfactant is in the alveoli it will be reabsorbed by the type II alveoli cells and they will start producing their own
47
Q

Types of Surfactant

A
  • Natural/ modified: from natural sources (human or animal) with addition or removal of substances. Advantage of being natural and having the needed lipids, disadvantages risk of contamination (i.e. passing on a virus)
  • Synthetic: Prepared by mixing in vitro synthesized substances which may or may not be in natural surfactant. Advantage of not causing contamination but does not have as many of the needed lipids.
48
Q

Indications for Surfactant

A
  • Prophylactic in infants less than 1250g birth weight (29 weeks)
  • Prophylactic in infants more than 1250g birth weight but have signs of pulmonary immaturity or RDS (over 29weeks)
49
Q

Rescue

A

in infants that have developed RDS less than 72 hour from onset

50
Q

Surfactant Brands

A

Survanta (Beractant)
Infasurf (calfactant)
Curosurf (portactant)
Exosurf (colfosceril)

51
Q

Surfanta

A

Beractant
-Modified natural, made from bovine (cow)lungs, has proteins and DPPC added
-Dose, 100mg/kg , repeat no sooner than 6 hours if needed
-Direct tracheal instillation via ETT tube
+administer via 5fr catheter placed in ETT
+split into 4 doses, bag pt after each dose for at least 30 sec (1/4 dose-bag- 1/4 dose)

52
Q

Infasurf

A

Calfactant
-Modified natural, from bovine lungs, lipids and proteins
-Dose, 3ml/kg up to 3 doses 6-12 hours apart
-Direct instillation via ETT
+side port, slowly instill half dose with pt on right side, repeat on left side
+Catheter, give 4 doses one each -supine, prone, right, and left, pace on MV in between

53
Q

Curosurf

A

Portactant
-Natural from porcine (pig) lungs, lipids and proteins
-Dose, 2.5 ml/kg , 1.25 ml/kg second and third dose 12 hours later if needed
-Direct instillation via ETT
+two doses through catheter one with pt on each side
+bag or MV in between

54
Q

Exosurf

A

Colfosceril

-Synthetic surfactant

55
Q

Hazards and complications of surfactant

A

-Airway occlusion from liquid reading to desaturation and bradycardia
-As drug works and lungs improve the infant may become over ventilated
+increased PaO2
+Increased Volumes and barotrauma
-Apnea
-pulmonary hemorrhage in infants less than 700mg (bleeding in lungs, not much you can do)
-Cerebral Hemmorage (brain bleed, nothing you can do)

56
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO) (blue tank)

A

Laughing gas

  • Normally produced by all cells
  • Vasodilation of pulmonary vascular bed
  • better perfusion
57
Q

Inhaled iNO preferred because

A

Preferred because the NO only gets to the blood vessels that are connected to open alveoli therefore dilating only blood vessels that can pick up O2. Moves more air past ventilating alveoli

58
Q

Nitric oxide used when

A

Hypoxic resp failure of newborn (pulonary hypertension of newborn) near or full term
ARDS, not shown to work in adults possible in children in combination with HFV: want to open up alveoli and better BF that are working

59
Q

Nitric Oxide Titrate into vent circuit via a specialty machine

A

Starting dose anywhere from 1-80ppm

recommended start from .gov 18ppm

60
Q

Complication NO

A

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
- byproduct of NO and O2
-Toxic to pt and health care providers
-add NO gas right before the wye so less time to mix
-Scavenge the exhaled gas-sucks up gases
(can cause) Methemoglobin
-can combine with hemoglobin decreasing O2 carrying capacity

61
Q

Helium-oxygen (heliox)

A
  • Inert gas
  • lighter gas gets around obstruction better
  • Non rebreather (venti mask)
  • vent circuit
  • Deliver aerosol medications (asthmatics)
62
Q

Flow meters

A

H:O2
80:20 multiply flow rate by 1.8
70:30 multiply flow rate by 1.6
or just keep bag inflated on NRB

63
Q

To lower FiO2 less than 0.21

A

use CO2 or N2

64
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Beta agonist

Anticholinergic

65
Q

Beta Agonist

A
  • Beta II agonist
  • Beta Adrenergic
  • Sympathomimetic
66
Q

Sympathomimetic

A
  • Albertal and levalbuterol

- Racemic Epi for croup and Epiglottitis

67
Q

Albuterol and levalbuterol

A

Usually use regular unit dose unless child is less than one year old, even then many time use full dose

68
Q

Racemic epi for croup and epiglottitis

A

Officially you are not suppose to give for epiglottitis, the child needs to go to surgery for intubation

69
Q

Anticholinergic

A

Parasympatholytics

Atrovent- remember not to use Atrovent on an asthmatic with allergies to peanuts

70
Q

Antiinflammatory

A

Corticosteroids

Cromolyn Sodium/ Nedocromyl Sodium

71
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Inhaled steroids- still controversial, many practitioners do not like to use on kids. Will try intal, oral anti-inflammatory, and/ or theophylline

72
Q

Cromolyn Sodium/ Nedocromyl Sodium

A

inhaled for asthma, maintenance drug, don not give in acute situation. Mast cell stabilizer stops the allergic reaction from getting started

73
Q

Mucolytics

A

Mucomyst

Pulmozyme

74
Q

Antibiotics/ Antiviral

A

Tobramycin
Pentamidine
Ribaviron

75
Q

Systemic drugs

A

Steroids, Leukotrienes, Methylxanthines, Magnesium Sulfate VI

76
Q

Steroids

A

Solumedrol, IV
Prednisone, Oral
Decadron, IV

77
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Theophyline

78
Q

Magnesium Sulfate, IV

A

Promotes bronchodilation in asthmatic children

79
Q

RespiGam and Synagis

A

Prevent RSV

80
Q

Omalizumab

A

Reduce inflammation in asthma

81
Q

nose breathers wks

A

6-8 weeks obligated nose breathers

82
Q

Nasotracheal watch for

A

Vagal stimulation (bradycardia)-not just carina: can happen b4

Neonatal and Pediatric Resp Care (4 decks)

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