Test 2 Flashcards
If you were a high-school guidance counselor, what would you conclude after reading the section on cognitive abilities?
Although females may score lower on some tasks requiring spatial ability, most males and females receive similar scores.
Child A and Child B are both boys who are standing near each other in a kindergarten classroom, and Child A wants the toy that Child B currently has. Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression in this situation?
Child A says he will not invite Child B to his party if he will not share.
According to the discussion of puberty in Chapter 4,
body weight is typically correlated with the age at which a female reaches puberty.
Dysmenorrhea is
painful cramps in the abdominal region, as well as other pain accompanying menstruation.
Chapter 5 discusses some biological explanations that have been proposed to account for gender differences in cognitive ability. Which of the following statements is correct about these explanations?
Research has not supported a genetic explanation for gender differences.
Your text describes a study in which students worked on a series of cognitive tasks and then received either positive or negative comments about their performance. The results of this research indicated that
women’s self-confidence increased greatly after positive comments and decreased greatly after negative comments.
As the section on cognitive abilities notes, about 7% of males and 3% of females may have spatial ability scores in the top 5% of the population. One implication that we can draw from this information is that
this gender difference cannot fully explain why women in engineering are relatively rare.
The period during development in which a young person experiences physical changes that lead to sexual maturity is known as
puberty
Which of the following would you be most likely to see?
a female sitting with her arms and hands close to her body
Suppose that a friend of yours has 3-year-old twins. He tells you that Sara’s language is more advanced than Joe’s, because she is a girl. Recalling the information on gender comparisons in verbal ability from your textbook, you reply that
although occasional studies have demonstrated gender differences in children’s language, many other studies do not.
Hardie’s 10-week study of women’s daily health and stress diaries found that
none of the women in this study met the criterion for PMS.
If Kristine is an executive who has a transactional style of leadership, she would be most likely to
reward employees who correctly accomplish the assignments they had been given.
According to the chapter on social gender comparisons, decoding ability is
the ability to figure out another person’s emotions from his or her nonverbal behavior.
An adolescent female who says that she is a feminist is likely to
have a relatively complex view of herself.
The term chilly classroom climate refers to situations in which
females and males are treated differently in the classroom.
According to the research on body image and the physical self-concepts of adolescents,
concerns about body appearance can lead to eating disorders in young women.
Chapter 4 discussed several studies on how teenagers feel about their parents. The results of these studies indicate that
females felt closer to their mothers than to their fathers.
According to the research on gender comparisons in altruism,
overall gender differences in general helpfulness are minimal.
Imagine that you are talking with a group of high-school students about their career goals. You are likely to find that
the young women are more likely than the young men to choose a career that is not traditional for their gender.
Which of the following statements is correct about facial expression?
Women usually smile more than men.
According to Chapter 4 in your textbook, secondary sex characteristics are
features of the body related to sexual reproduction but not directly involved in it.
According to Chapter 5, stereotype threat is likely to affect students’ performance when
people are reminded that they belong to a group that does not do well on the task they are attempting.
What is ovulation?
The release of the egg at the middle of the menstrual cycle
According to the research on children’s friendships,
when playing with their friends, boys are more likely than girls to enjoy playing games that have rules.
According to the research on how adolescents interact with their parents,
most adolescent males and females get along fairly well with their parents.
In which of the following situations would you expect men and women to be most different with respect to self-confidence?
a task that is stereotypically masculine.
What can we conclude about lateralization and cognitive performance?
We do no have clear-cut evidence that males show more lateralization than females do.
One reasons that the premenstrual syndrome is so controversial is that
there is no clear definition for PMS.
According to the discussion of gender comparisons in verbal ability, a meta-analysis reported an effect size of 0.11. From this information, you can conclude that
in general, males and females do not differ in their verbal ability.
Suppose that your professor says, “A meta-analysis was conducted on gender differences in adolescents’ attitudes toward education.” From that description, you know that the researchers
statistically combined the results from a large number of previous studies on the topic.
On which of the following spatial abilities are the gender differences likely to be the largest?
figuring out whether a piece of a jigsaw puzzle would fit into the puzzle if the piece were turned sideways.
Suppose that researchers have tested a group of high school students on a cognitive task, using well-controlled conditions. Then they created graphs for the scores of the males and females, and they found that the two graphs had only a small overlap. Which of the following conclusions would be most likely?
The two genders probably differ in their skill on this task.
According to the research on college enrollments in the United States,
the data on US citizens show that women now earn about half of the PhD degrees.
The events in the menstrual cycle are best described as
A feedback loop involving changes in brain structures, hormones, and reproductive structures.
What is an important function of the ovaries in the menstrual cycle?
They contain the eggs, which are released in the middle of the cycle.
Your text discusses research by Carli on the use of phrases such as “I’m not sure” and “I suppose.” This research found that
women sometimes use hesitant phrases when talking with men, but not with other women.
According to the discussion of motivation and attitudes about success, which of the following gender differences is largest?
level of self-confidence
Researchers have examined whether gender differences in some cognitive areas might be explained by hormonal factors. The discussion of this possibility emphasizes that
the results of this research are often contradictory or complex.
What can we conclude about the experiences of adolescent women and men in high school math and science classes?
Females often feel less competent and effective in these courses - even when they perform very well.
According to the discussion of adolescents who are lesbian,
most young lesbians say that their first connection with another female was emotional, rather than sexual.
Which of the following situations are you most likely to see when two adults are conversing with each other?
two women who are looking at each other
Part of Chapter 4 discussed teenagers’ self-concepts. According to the information about transgender identity,
a transgendered person may decide to live as a man, to live as a woman, or to create another category for themselves.
Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the term validity?
Luke: “Validity means that a test measures what it is supposed to measure.”
In which of the following cognitive areas are gender differences the largest?
spatial ability
Your textbook discusses teenagers’ romantic relationships. According to this discussion,
the media provide a strong message that teenage girls should have a boyfriend.
According to the social learning explanation of gender differences in communication,
children are reinforced for gender-appropriate nonverbal behavior and punished for gender-inappropriate nonverbal behavior.
What can we conclude about gender comparisons in self-disclosure with friends?
Female friends show somewhat more self-disclosure with each other, compared to male friends.
Imagine that you are an eighth-grade teacher who has just administered a standardized test of mathematical achievement. If you compare the scores of the boys and the girls in your class, you are likely to find that the
boys and girls will receive fairly similar scores.
Suppose that college students are asked to state out loud in a group why they think that they did so well on the last exam in organic chemistry. What might you expect to find with respect to gender comparisons?
Males would be somewhat more likely to attribute their success to high ability.
What can we conclude about interruption patterns in conversations?
Men interrupt more often than women interrupt, though not in all situations.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the material on adolescents’ body image and physical self-concepts?
In general, adolescent males feel valued for their athletic competence, whereas adolescent females feel valued for their physical appearance.
An adolescent woman who chooses a stereotypically masculine career is likely to
be relatively self-confident about her academic ability.
What can we conclude about the grades that males and females receive in mathematics courses?
With some consistency, girls receive higher grades.
What can we conclude about explanations for the gender differences in mathematics ability?
Some of the gender differences can be explained by the fact that males have more math-related experiences outside school.
Research on adolescents’ emotions and relationships with their families indicates that
adolescent females are more likely than adolescent males to talk about their emotional experiences.
A school psychologist presents you with a picture of several people seated around a conference table and asks you to create a story about the picture. The psychologist is most likely measuring your
achievement motivation.
Chapter 5 described a study in which bank employees received either positive or negative comments from a supervisor. The results of this study showed that
women were more responsive to the feedback than men were.
A person who enjoys accomplishing tasks very competently is high in
achievement motivation.
What can we conclude about gender differences in what men and women talk about?
In general, the similarities in conversational topics are greater than the differences.
Suppose that you take a variety of tests to measure various aspects of your motivation style. Your results show that you are high in intrinsic motivation, which means that
you like to work on a task because it is interesting.
