Test 1

Question 1

Which of the statements about typical prenatal development is correct?

Answer 1

Female and male embryos are very similar during the first weeks of prenatal development.

Question 2

According to your textbook’s discussion of theoretical explanations, children’s psychological gender development is mostly determined by

Answer 2

a combination of children’s own gender schemas and rewards and punishments from other people.

Question 3

What is a major problem with masculine generic terms?

Answer 3

They are not really gender neutral.

Question 4

Suppose you have just conducted a study about the psychological characteristics of males and females. If you want to report these findings, which term would be most preferable in your title?

Answer 4

Gender comparisons

Question 5

The best example of an “implicit gender stereotype” would be a stereotype that

Answer 5

people use automatically but are not aware they have.

Question 6

Four-year-old Emily has been watching a cartoon show in which “Dora the Explorer” rescues a rare bird that is covered with thick mud. Later on, Emily’s parents see that Emily is playing with her toy animals, and she is rescuing several of them from dangerous situations. Emily’s behavior could best be explained by

Answer 6

modeling

Question 7

The tendency to associate with other children of the same gender is known as

Answer 7

gender segregation.

Question 8

Your textbook discusses the difference between the words sex and gender. Which of the following differences is correct?

Answer 8

Gender refers to psychological characteristics, whereas sex emphasizes biological characteristics.

Question 9

Suppose that several children who are 4 and 5 years old are looking at some coloring books and deciding which pictures to color. You will be most likely to see

Answer 9

the boys coloring a picture of a football player and the girls coloring a picture of a princess.

Question 10

Suppose that a high school student says, “I don’t know why, but I just don’t like old ladies.” This comment is an example of

Answer 10

prejudice

Question 11

Imagine that a friend of yours has just had a baby girl. Based on the material in Chapter 3, the greeting cards she receives following the birth announcement will be likely to emphasize

Answer 11

the infant’s sweetness.

Question 12

According to current research, people typically think that

Answer 12

feminists are not as nice as other women.

Question 13

When researchers study teachers’ behavior toward elementary-school children, they typically find that

Answer 13

classroom teachers offer more positive feedback to boys than to girls.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is the best example of benevolent sexism, as defined by Glick and Fiske’s Ambivalent Sexism Inventory?

Answer 14

“On a crowded bus, a man should offer his seat to a woman

Question 15

Mayra and her feminist friends believe that having more women in world government positions will decrease the incidence of wars because of women’s more peaceful nature. Mayra represents which approach to feminism?

Answer 15

Cultural feminism

Question 16

Which of the following students has the most accurate summary of the “White-as-normative” concept?

Answer 16

Scott: “The ‘White-as normative’ idea means that White is considered to be the standard in our culture to which other ethnic groups are compared.

Question 17

According to the definition given in your textbook,

Answer 17

a feminist has a high regard for women and believes that both genders should be treated similarly.

Question 18

Imagine that your uncle believes men are better drivers than women. This would be an example of

Answer 18

a gender stereotype.

Question 19

Alex is only 6 months old. According to the research on children’s knowledge about gender, Alex is likely to

Answer 19

recognize that males and females belong to different categories.

Question 20

At conception,

Answer 20

the sperm cell from the father contributes either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome.

Question 21

Which of the following judgments would usually be the highest in heterosexism?

Answer 21

Heterosexual men making judgments about gay men.

Question 22

Suppose that a group of men and women are working together in pairs, some in same-gender pairs and some in male-female pairs. Based on the research of Lott, which of the following people would be most likely to respond negatively to his or her partner?

Answer 22

A male working with a female

Question 23

Suppose that you cannot figure out whether a baby you see in the grocery store is female or male. Then the father calls her “Emily.” Suddenly, it’s obvious that the baby is a girl, because she looks gentle and feminine. The explanation that best accounts for your reaction is called

Answer 23

social constructionism.

Question 24

When people are asked to judge why males and females have been successful on a task, they are likely to say that

Answer 24

males have been successful because of high ability, whereas females have been successful because they tried hard.

Question 25

Cynthia is very polite to the principal at her daughter’s school, but she is rude to the cleaning staff at this school. Cynthia is most clearly demonstrating

Answer 25

classism

Question 26

Which of the following students provides the best summary of women in mythology and religion?

Answer 26

Mary: “Women are portrayed in a different fashion from men, sometimes evil and sometimes extremely virtuous.

Question 27

Imagine that an article has just been published; it claims that girls score lower than boys on a test of logical reasoning. If parents convey these expectations to their sons and daughters, and the children actually act according to these beliefs, one possible explanation for these findings is

Answer 27

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 28

Social learning theory proposes that gender typing results because

Answer 28

children are rewarded for “gender-appropriate” behavior and punished for “gender-inappropriate” behavior.

Question 29

According to your textbook’s discussion of ageism, this term

Answer 29

is typically aimed at elderly adults, but it actually means biases based on a person’s age.

Question 30

Which of the following four terms - discussed in Chapter 2 - is the most general?

Answer 30

bias

Question 31

According to your text, a course in the psychology of women

Answer 31

explores psychological issues of specific concern to women.

Question 32

According to the current usage, a bias against lesbians, gays, bisexuals, or any group that is not exclusively heterosexual is known as

Answer 32

heterosexism

Question 33

How do parents handle the issue of independence in their children?

Answer 33

They are somewhat more likely to supervise their daughters and leave their sons alone.

Question 34

Currently, the research on the psychology of women

Answer 34

is highly interdisciplinary in nature.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about “gender-typed” behavior is true?

Answer 35

Fathers are more likely than mothers to encourage gender-typed behavior in both their sons and daughters.

Question 36

According to the similarities perspective on gender,

Answer 36

men and women are quite similar to one another

Question 37

Several years ago, the wife of a prominent politician argued that women are naturally attracted to taking care of the home and the family, rather than achieving in the world of work. Which of the following terms describes this viewpoint?

Answer 37

Essentialism

Question 38

According to your textbook’s discussion, Latinas and Latinos in the United States

Answer 38

are currently the second largest ethnic group; European American people constitute the largest ethnic group.

Question 39

When college students were asked to rate men and women on scales such as “pleasant-unpleasant,” the results indicated that

Answer 39

they rated women more positively than men.

Question 40

Holly likes to climb trees, play fighting games, and take charge on the playground. She describes herself as a typical tomboy. Holly’s peers are likely to

Answer 40

try to convince her to act more feminine.

Question 41

The text’s discussion of ethnic groups indicates that

Answer 41

there is considerable variability within any ethnic group.

Question 42

Imagine that you are seated near a mother, her son, and her daughter as you wait for a plane to arrive. If this mother follows the pattern described in Chapter 3 of your textbook, she is likely to

Answer 42

discuss emotions related to sadness and fear with her daughter.

Question 43

Polly believes that feminist goals can be best achieved by passing laws to guarantee women equal educational and workplace opportunities. Polly represents which approach to feminism?

Answer 43

liberal feminism

Question 44

What is an operational definition?

Answer 44

a description of exactly how a variable in a study will be measured

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of androcentrism?

Answer 45

When doctors are deciding whether a person has a medical problem, they use a list of symptoms that are usually found in men, rather than in women.

Question 46

According to cognitive developmental theory, gender identity refers to children’s

Answer 46

realization of whether they are a boy or girl.

Question 47

Suppose that you are working in a preschool setting. Based on Smith’s research on preschoolers’ treatment of other children, you would be most likely to observe that children

Answer 47

are nice to the cute girls and aggressive toward the less attractive girls.

Question 48

According to research n gender-typed activities,

Answer 48

parents tend to assign outdoor tasks to boys and domestic tasks to girls.

Question 49

Suppose that a woman is about to take a chemistry exam, and the professor has just been saying that men earned higher scores on previous chemistry exams. If the females do indeed receive lower scores on this exam, a possible explanation would be

Answer 49

stereotype threat.

Question 50

Which of the following is not a requirement of the critical thinking approach to research on the psychology of women?

Answer 50

Ask whether the results are consistent with the psychological characteristics of people you know.

Question 51

The term intersexed individual refers to

Answer 51

people who are not clearly male or clearly female.

Question 52

The discussion of the early origins of the psychology of women pointed out that

Answer 52

much of the early research on gender was influenced by biases that women were less competent than men

Question 53

People who are androgynous

Answer 53

have high scores on both a scale of femininity and a scale of masculinity.

Question 54

Suppose that a parent is watching a child playing enthusiastically with a toy that is strongly associated with the other gender. In which of the following situations is the parent most likely to produce a strong negative reaction?

Answer 54

a father watching his son

Question 55

Five-year-old Sandra knows that she is a girl, that girls are not supposed to get dirty, and that she wants to be an astronaut, even though most astronauts are not women. This information is all relevant to the concept known as

Answer 55

gender typing.

Question 56

Which of the following philosophers and political figures wrote about women in a way that would be most admired by feminists?

Answer 56

John Stuart Mill

Question 57

Which of the following characteristics would fit into the category called communion, which was discussed in connection with gender stereotypes?

Answer 57

concern for others

Question 58

In nonindustrialized countries, the data on elementary education show that

Answer 58

boys usually receive more education than girls.

Question 59

Suppose that you know an individual who refused to hire a woman for a job - simply on the basis of her gender. This would be an example of

Answer 59

discrimination

Question 60

Which of the following students provides the most accurate understanding about the relationship between the media in our culture and the reality that we experience?

Answer 60

Emmanuel: “The media reflect reality, and they also change people’s attitudes.”