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Criminal Justice > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bow street runners

A

Henry Fielding

  • working for reward money
  • “runners” would pursue felons across the country
  • widely feared
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2
Q

• London Metropolitan Police

A

Sir Robert Peel

• Centralized police force of 1,000 me under the control of the home security

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3
Q

• August Vollmer

A

Father of modern professional police practices in the U.S

• began the first police school

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4
Q

Who does the majority of law enforcement in the country

A

Local PD

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5
Q

FBI

A

Investigates

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6
Q

Marshall service

A

Oldest agency

• provides security for federal courts

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7
Q

Secret service

A
  • protects government officials (president)
  • counterfeiting
  • forgery crimes
  • matters relating to national security
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8
Q

• ICE

US immigration and customs enforcement

A 
Responsible for identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities in the nations: 
• border
• economic
• transportation
• infrastructure security
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9
Q

1st US state police

A

Texas Rangers

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10
Q

• 8 major hypothesis about policing and crime

A
  1. number of police
    - more cops = less crime
  2. rapid response to 911
    - shorter travel time to scene = less crime
  3. Random patrols
    - more perceive “omnipresence” of the police= deterrence of crime
  4. Directed patrol
    - mote precisely patrols concentrated in “hot spots”
  5. Reactive arrests
    - more arrests police make in response to reported or observed offenses = less crime
  6. Proactive arrests
    - the higher arrest rate of serious violent crimes
    Ex. Police arrests because he is most likely to get a DUI
  7. Community policing
    - more and quality contact between citizens and police = more crime
  8. Problem oriented policing
    - the more police can identify and minimize promimate causes of specific patterns of crime = less crimes
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11
Q

Discretion

A

The implicit authority that an officer has to act on the basis of
• his professional judgement
• personal conscience

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12
Q

• Factors influencing discretion (7)

A
  • background of officer
  • characteristics of the suspect
  • department policy
  • community interest
  • pressure from victims
  • disagreement with the law
  • available alternations
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13
Q

Cynicism

A

The belief yhat most peoples actions are motived solely by personal needs and selfishness

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14
Q

Blue curtain

A

The secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society

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15
Q

Symbolic assailant

A

They are systematically trained and culturally reinforced to consider everyone a potential assailant

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16
Q

Danger

A

The possibility of confrontation is always there

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17
Q

Social isolation

A

Officers are treated differently by the public

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18
Q

Solidarity

A

“Us against them”

• to cope not only with law violators, but also the public in general

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19
Q

Police use of force

A

Use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public

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20
Q

Excessive force

A

The application of an amount or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject

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21
Q

Deadly force

A

Force that is likely to cause death or serious bodily crime

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22
Q

Tn vs Garner

A

Changed the way police can use deadly force

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23
Q

Graham V Connor

A

Objective reasonableness
• excessive or deadly force should be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the sense and not with the benefit of 20/20 hindsight

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24
Q

Defense of life

A

Only when gave a probable cause to believe that the subject poses an imminent danger or death or serious physical injury to the agents / others

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25
Q

Fleeing subject

A

Committed a felony involving injury or death and escape would pose an imminent danger to agents / others

• cant shoot because they are running

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26
Q

Verbal warnings

A

Should be given before the use of deadly force, if doing so does not endanger agents

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27
Q

Warning shots

A

Agents may not fire warning shots

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28
Q

Vehicles

A

Agents may not fire weapons solely to disable moving vehicles
• can fire at vehicles occupants if they will cause serious bodily injury or death

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29
Q

Suicide by cop

A

Actions motivated by the offenders desire to commit suicide = justifiable homicide by officer

30
Q

•Watchman style

A
  • focuses on the maintenance of order
  • very dependent on discretion
  • found in declining industrial city, mixed racial/ethnic composition, blue collar, rural
31
Q

• Legalistic style

A
  • concentrates on enforcing laws
  • requires little discretion
  • large city government, mixed SES composition
32
Q

• Service style

A

employs alternative strategies:
• Official warning or diversion programs
• discretion is used, but subject to formal review and evaluation
• middle class suburban community

33
Q

• Problem oriented policy

A
  • many crimes caused by existing social condition within the community
  • attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention
  • makes use of community
34
Q

Zero tolerance policing

A

• punishment for every infraction of the law

35
Q

Community policing

A

Collaborative effort between police and community

36
Q

4th amendment

A

Unreasonable search and seizure

• fastest way to lose 4th amendment protection - consent

37
Q

Consent

A
  • voluntarily and have the legal ability to give
  • no legal obligation to inform suspects about rights
  • Florida v bostick
38
Q

Legally seized evidence

A

Evidence seized without regard to the principles of due process

39
Q

• Exclusionary rule

A

Incriminating material must be seized according to constitutional specifications of due process or it will not be allowed as evidence in a criminal trial

40
Q

Weeks v US

A

Exclusionary rule at FEDERAL level

41
Q

Mapp v ohio

A

Exclusionary rule at STATE level

42
Q

Fruit of the poison tree doctrine

A

Excludes from introduction at trial any evidence later developed as a result of an illegal search or seizure

• silverthorne lumber co v US

43
Q

Grabble area

A

Officers can only search physical areas within easy reach of the defendant during arrests
• chimel v california
• lunge rule

44
Q

Good faith exceptions

A

Officers who conduct a search or who seize evidence on the basis of good faith and who later discover that a mistake was made may still use the seized evidence in court
• US v leon

45
Q

• Probable cause

A

A set of fact and circumstances that would induce a reasonable intelligent and prudent person to believe that a particular other person has committed a specific crime
• total of circumstances

46
Q

Harris v US

A

The ready visibility of objects that might be seized as evidence during a search by police in the absence of a search warrant
• dont need a search warrant if its in plain view

47
Q

Horton v California

A

Officer must have a legal right to be in the viewing area

48
Q

Emergency searches

A

A search without a warrant which is justified on the basis of some immediate and overriding need

• warden v hayden

49
Q

Katz v US

A

Placing of a warrantless wiretap on a public phone booth constitutes an unreasonable search in-violation of the 4th amendment

50
Q

Arrest

A

The act of taking an adult / juvenile into physical custody

51
Q

Search incident to an arrest

A

A warrantless search of an arrested individual conducted to ensure the safety of the arresting officer
• US V Robinson

52
Q

Terry V ohio

A

Reasonable suspicion

53
Q

Michigan department of state police v sitz

A

Sobriety check points are reasonable as they are essential to the welfare if the community as a whole

54
Q

Indianapolis v edmond

A

Cannot be used to “detect evidence of ordinary criminal wrong doing”

55
Q

Florida V Riley

A

An officers naked eye observation from the vantage point of a helicopter did not constitute a search requiring warrant

56
Q

Kyllo v US

A

The use of thermal imaging as a search function is not a viable reason for a warrant

57
Q

Ripey v California

A

Warrantless search exception following an arrest exists does not apply in the search of digital data (cellphones)
(Violates the 4th amendment)

58
Q

Illinois v Gates

A

Overruled Aguilar

• totality of circumstances

59
Q

Police interrogation

A

The information- gathering activity of the police officers that involves the direct questioning of suspects

60
Q

Brown v Mississippi

A

Cannot use direct coercion

Abuse

61
Q

Escobedo v illinois

A

(Lawyers)

- when suspect asks for an attorney, they must get one

62
Q

Miranda Warnings

A

The advisement of rights due criminal suspects by the police before questioning begins
Ex. “You have the right to remain silent”

63
Q

Miranda v Arizona

A

Have to issue rights while arresting them
* only required for
questioning/interrogation

64
Q

Brewer v William’s

A

Waiver of rights

65
Q

Fitzpatrick v New York

A

Inevitable - discovery

66
Q

New York v Quarles

A

Public safety

67
Q

Line up

A

Requests to look at a group of people to choose a suspect

68
Q

Show up

A

On the scene of the crime - just shows one suspect

69
Q

1 reason people are falsely accused & sent to jail

A

Eye witness misidentification

70
Q

Domestic terrorism

A

Terrorism WITHOUT any foreign impact

71
Q

International Terrorism

A

Terrorism WITH any foreign impact

72
Q

US Patriot Act

????

A

Seeks to further close US borders to foreign terrorists and detain and remove terrorists within our borders

Criminal Justice (3 decks)

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