Test 2 Flashcards
According to Henrich, Heine and Norenzayan’s article “The weirdest people in the world?”, can we assume that publications in the behavioral science literature represents cultural variability across the globe?
a. Yes. Most of the publications are based on online research, which is everywhere and has good power to capture cultural diversity
b. Yes. Academic journals publish papers with samples from all over the world in an equitable way.
c. None of the other options are true
d. No. The majority of publications represent data collected from people living in the United States and Europe
e. No. Most of the publications are from W.E.I.R.D samples: Women, English speakers, from a low context of Inequality, usually Rational, and from Developed countries.
d. No. The majority of publications represent data collected from people living in the United States and Europe
Do hunter-gatherer people (e.g., those from small scale societies) behave more like Rational Egoists (e.g. instrumental, calculating own costs/benefits) than WEIRD people do in the Ultimatum and Dictator Games?
a. No. WEIRD people are influenced by notions of fairness based on norms set by markets and religions so they are more rational and less worried about the feelings of others.
b. All of the “No” options are correct.
c. Yes. For Hunter-gatherer people something is better than nothing, which leads them to offer a low and highly unequal share of the money in these games to the other person, because they believe that the other will accept almost anything.
d. No. Hunter-gatherers are from less complex societies that give them lower abilities at reasoning through these games.
e. No. The level of education of the WEIRD people makes them more rational and more likely to offer lower amounts in order to keep more for themselves.
c. Yes. For Hunter-gatherer people something is better than nothing, which leads them to offer a low and highly unequal share of the money in these games to the other person, because they believe that the other will accept almost anything.
What is the major thesis formulated by Inglehart & Baker about modernization?
a. Industrialization produces pervasive social and cultural impacts, from rising education to changing gender roles.
b. After societies achieve industrialization, they tend to collapse with the problems that come along with it and they tend to come back to a sustainable agricultural society.
c. While industrialization changes some values, emphasis on religion across cultures will remain largely unchanged.
d. Industrialization is the final word in modernization.
e. Because of the pervasive effects of modernization, the societies of the world are becoming more and more homogenized in terms of their values.
a. Industrialization produces pervasive social and cultural impacts, from rising education to changing gender roles.
According to Inglehart & Baker what kind of society is represented by traditional/secular and survival/self-expression values?
I. Traditional/Secular Values are associated with the transition from an agrarian society to an industrial society
II. Survival/Self-expression Values are associated with the rise of a service economy.
III. Traditional/Secular and Survival/Self-expression Values reflect industrialization and the rise of postindustrial societies, respectively.
a. Both I and II are correct
b. Only III is correct
c. I, II, and III are all correct
d. Both II and III are correct
e. Only I is correct
c. I, II, and III are all correct
How does cross-cultural psychology understand behavioral variances across cultures?
a. They stem from universal psychological processes that manifest differently as consequences of adaptation to a particular environment.
b. Behavioral variances across cultures support the idea that attaining a universal psychology is implausible.
c. Culture-specific behaviors should be understood within the framework of the culture where those behaviors take place.
d. They should be reduced to a more universalistic formula.
e. They come from genetic differences.
a. They stem from universal psychological processes that manifest differently as consequences of adaptation to a particular environment.
What is the advantage of adopting indigenous psychology in research?
a. It provides instruments that are stronger in validity and reliability across cultures.
b. It encourages the researcher to use ethnography as the preferred method of research.
c. All of these options are correct
d. It provides generalizations about which phenomena are universal.
e. It helps the researcher to identify culturally unique psychological phenomena which have not been found before in the mainstream psychological literature.
e. It helps the researcher to identify culturally unique psychological phenomena which have not been found before in the mainstream psychological literature.
Under which conditions should a researcher use a cultural psychology approach?
a. When she/he wants to use quantitative methods.
b. When she/he wants to discover universally valid psychological concepts.
c. When he/she wants to adopt an atheoretical approach to psychology.
d. When the researcher is interested in understanding the rationalizations underlying culturally bounded behaviors.
e. When there is little to no cultural distance between him/her and the research participants.
d. When the researcher is interested in understanding the rationalizations underlying culturally bounded behaviors.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the importance of history in the socio-cultural evolution of societies?
a. History provides a source of social identity for group members.
b. History encompasses the accumulative wisdom and knowledge from our ancestors.
c. History provides traditions, values, and symbol that are vital to the culture-specific functioning in societies.
d. History provides scientists with an objective record of all the facts that were important in the evolution of human societies.
e. Human consciousness is historically contingent on technology, mentalities, and power and its distribution.
d. History provides scientists with an objective record of all the facts that were important in the evolution of human societies.
What is the idea that best links the concept of historical charters to evolutionary thinking?
a. Historical charters not are used to legitimize political decisions.
b. Historical charters build on the past and allow a people to maintain continuity with the past while facing new challenges.
c. Historical charters are more or less the same across cultures.
d. Historical charters never change over generations and generations.
e. Historical charters are only important in pre-industrial societies.
b. Historical charters build on the past and allow a people to maintain continuity with the past while facing new challenges.
Historical events and figures that are widely recognized as important in the history of a society are important to that society because they provide:
a. A system of symbols to legitimize political actions
b. A legal system for the society
c. A forum for political debate
d. A guarantee of minority rights
e. Robust civil liberties
a. A system of symbols to legitimize political actions
Considering the fact that immigration may be changing the face of New Zealand, which statement best describes how New Zealanders think?
a. In comparison to Europeans, New Zealanders are less likely to support the presence of people of different races, religions, and cultures.
b. They think the increase of people born overseas is a threat to New Zealand’s economy and security
c. They think it is a good thing for a society to be made up by different races, religions and cultures.
d. New Zealanders are equally welcoming of people from different parts of the world.
e. It is not a concern for New Zealanders because of the low rates of immigration to this country
c. They think it is a good thing for a society to be made up by different races, religions and cultures.
Given that Biculturalism is important and influential in New Zealand, which of the following correctly describes resource distributions involving Māori in this country?
a. None of these options is correct.
b. The distribution of resources is not equal: in such concrete terms as pay, prison sentences, and expected lifespan, Māori are disadvantaged.
c. Human rights legislation and women’s suffrage have made inequality a thing of the past.
d. Backed by Treaty of Waitangi legislation, Māori receive at least a proportionately equal share of the resources in this country.
e. Because of legislation in favour of indigenous people, Māori are privileged in terms of resource distributions above other New Zealanders.
b. The distribution of resources is not equal: in such concrete terms as pay, prison sentences, and expected lifespan, Māori are disadvantaged.
Considering the research on implicit associations (the IAT) conducted by Sibley & Liu about the way that New Zealanders associate different ethnicity faces with New Zealand symbols, which of the following is correct?
a. Asian faces were more strongly associated with New Zealand symbols than Maori faces.
b. Pakeha faces are more strongly associated with New Zealand symbols than Maori and Asian faces.
c. New Zealand symbols are about equally strongly associated with Māori and Pakeha faces.
d. Māori faces are more strongly associated with New Zealand symbols, but only for Māori participants.
e. Māori faces had the strongest association with New Zealand symbols.
c. New Zealand symbols are about equally strongly associated with Māori and Pakeha faces.
For the next 40 years, it is expected that New Zealand will change its cultural diversity & demography considerably. Which of the following choices best summarizes what the readings say about the future?
a. In coming years, the NZ European/Pakeha population will decline in its percentage of the total population.
b. Maori will continue to grow in number but will remain about at the same percentage of the total.
c. By the middle of the 2020s, the Asian population of New Zealand will overtake the Maori population in size.
d. The amount of New Zealanders over the age of 65 will double by 2031.
e. All of these options are correct.
e. All of these options are correct.
