Test 3 Flashcards
According to McAdams & Pals (2006), all of the following are parts of the five principles of personality psychology, EXCEPT
a. Integrative life narratives
b. Characteristic adaptations
c. Human nature: the evolved general design
d. Dispositional traits
e. Neural plasticity
e. Neural plasticity
Which of the following are true about depression and women?
a. A depressive state in a woman can signal surrender to a lower status position
b. Depression can be a cry for help from significant others for rescue from a negative situation the woman herself is unable to resolve
c. All of these statements are true
d. Vulnerability to depression may have evolved as part of a complex of emotions and behaviours that are generally adaptive for females as caregivers
e. At a population level, vulnerability to depression is higher in women than men
c. All of these statements are true
Which of the following are plausible theories for how depressive states could have survived the process of evolution in human beings?
a. Depression is an important predictor of suicide
b. The neuro-transmitter that controls depression has become more prevalent in its expression under conditions of modernity
c. People in depressive states are frequently more accurate in their information processing (especially social information processing)
d. Empirical research has found that ruminating about a problem is generally a more adaptive and efficient manner of information processing
e. Threshold diagnoses indicate that there is a categorical difference between clinically depressed and non-depressed populations
c. People in depressive states are frequently more accurate in their information processing (especially social information processing)
Which of the following might be a “take-home message” about the relationship between human evolution and depression?
a. Depression has survived the process of evolution because it has a temperamental basis in traits that are adaptive
b. Depression does not have a biological basis, but is primarily a cultural construction prevalent in Western societies
c. There is strong and substantial empirical evidence to suggest that the use of anti-depressants handicaps an individual’s ability to navigate and control their social environment
d. Depression has survived the process of evolution because it is an enduring state of mind and being
e. Depression is a categorical human phenotype
a. Depression has survived the process of evolution because it has a temperamental basis in traits that are adaptive
Which of the following statements best reflects the evolutionary “class hypothesis” of Akiskal & Akiskal (2005)?
a. The temperament of cyclothemia lies on the same continuum as the clinical condition of bipolar disorder
b. Sensitivity to suffering is a key component of the generalized anxious temperament which is the biological basis of the clinical disorder of anxiety
c. Aggressive use of mood stabilizers are central to the management of a wide range of clinical disorders
d. None of these statements is true
e. Each of the Big 5 Personality Factors predisposes a person to a different form of clinical disorder
a. The temperament of cyclothemia lies on the same continuum as the clinical condition of bipolar disorder
In terms of motivation, people with an interdependent sense of self are more likely to…
a. Self-deprecate
b. Provide positive feedback for self enhancement
c. Experience dissonance as unpleasant
d. Self-enhance
e. Use primary control
a. Self-deprecate
According to Gelfand et al. (2011), relative to tight societies, loose societies consist of the following factors:
a. a wider range of permissible behaviours, democratic governance, less emphasis on religion.
b. free speech, more powerful situations, people with prevention-focus.
c. more police per capita and stricter punishments.
d. more pathogens in the environment historically and greater emphasis on impulse control.
e. agriculture as the primary means of production, presence of low threat, high population density.
a. a wider range of permissible behaviours, democratic governance, less emphasis on religion.
According to Yamagish & Hashimoto (2016), individualist institutions often:
a. punish free riders.
b. require ingroup favouritism.
c. teach people to look to the situation for explanations of social behavior.
d. are more common in societies with a mature and impartial legal system.
e. consist of networks of strong ties wherein the members of these strong tie networks are obliged to help one another.
d. are more common in societies with a mature and impartial legal system.
In a collectivistic society….
a. Children learn to think in terms of “I”
b. Children learn to think in terms of “we”
c. None of the other options is correct
d. Key relationships are voluntary and impermanent
e. Speaking one’s mind is highly valued
b. Children learn to think in terms of “we”
The following statements describe the importance of a life narrative for human personhood, except…
a. It makes the person more similar to all other persons.
b. It helps the individual to shape behavior, establish identity, and integrate into modern social life
c. It helps the individual to integrate a reconstructed past and imagined future.
d. None of the other options are correct
e. It brings a sense of personal unity, purpose, and meaning.
a. It makes the person more similar to all other persons.
According to Yamagishi & Hashimoto’s (2016) theory of social niche construction,
a. Values and preferences are a crucial source for producing culture specific behaviour
b. Indirect reciprocity is an essential component of Collectivist institutions
c. Institutions do not impact on individual contingencies for reward and punishment
d. Collectivist institutions encourage people to develop more cognitive and behavioral consistency to make oneself more predictable to others
e. Collectivist institutions push people to develop greater sensitivity and skills to be able to select the right social interaction partners
b. Indirect reciprocity is an essential component of Collectivist institutions
Accordingly to readings by McAdams and Pals (2006) and Fischer et al (2017), select the correct sentence below:
a. Everyone is born with a pre-set personality that does not change over the years.
b. Personality is equally influenced by genetics and culture.
c. Personality is mainly influenced by genes, but culture also influences personality by influencing norms for the expression of trait tendencies.
d. The context one is born into will determine personality through culture specific life narratives
e. None of the other options are true.
c. Personality is mainly influenced by genes, but culture also influences personality by influencing norms for the expression of trait tendencies.
Studies have shown a significant link between dopamine activity and personality. In Fisher et al.’s (2017) study, how does the environment contribute to this link?
a. Genetic predisposition (e.g. levels of dopamine activity) is associated with certain personality traits regardless of the context of the population investigated.
b. The influence of the environment on personality traits is marginal or non-existent
c. None of the other answers are correct
d. Personality and genetics are only linked in low stress climatic environments.
e. Populations with similar genetic predispositions (e.g. levels of dopamine activity) develop different personality traits depending on demands from the environmental climate
e. Populations with similar genetic predispositions (e.g. levels of dopamine activity) develop different personality traits depending on demands from the environmental climate
What have twin studies contributed to the understanding of personality?
a. Monozygotic twins show similar personality traits even if they are reared apart, which confirms a genetic basis for personality.
b. It is useful to study twins raised together compared to twins raised apart to discern the relative influence of genetics and environment on personality
c. Traits similarities among monozygotic twins are greater than similarities among dizygotic twins
d. All of the other options are correct
e. Twin studies confirm the genetic influence of personality by showing strong trait similarities among monozygotic twins.
d. All of the other options are correct
