Test 2

Question 1

What are the three goals of Analyzing Data?

Answer 1

1. Determine the magnitude of the association–use measures of associations and impact.
2. Rule out the role of chance in the results by doing confidence intervals and hypothesis is testing.
3. Rule out confounding by restriction or statisical adjustment for potential confounders.

Question 2

What are the Measures of Disease Association?

Answer 2

The chance of something happening can be expressed as a risk or as an odd:

Risk = The chances of something happening / the chances of all things happening

Odds= The chances of something happening/ the chances of it not happening

Question 3

Properties of the Relative Risk

Answer 3

1. Ranges from 0 to infinity ( i.e. cannot be negative)
2. If RR =1 then there is no association
3. If RR > 1 then there is a positive association
4. If RR < 1 then there is a negative association

Question 4

Properties if the Odds Ratio

Answer 4

1. Regardless of how the data are sampled, the OR will remain the same.
2. If has similar properties to the RR in terms of range, magnitude, and statistical significance
3. Under the conditions of a rare disease, the odds ratio will be a decent approximation to the “true” relative risk

Question 5

Odds Ratio Calculation?

Answer 5

OR = odds of exposure: given disease / odds of exposure: given no disease = a/c divided by b/d

OR= ad/ bc

Question 6

Attributable Risk (AR)

Answer 6

The incidence of disease in the exposed population whose disease can be attributed to the exposure.

AR= R1- R0

Question 7

Define Surveillance

Answer 7

Surveillance is the continued watchfulness of the trends of incidence and the systematic collection, consolidation, and evaluation of mortality and morbidity data and other relevant data and the distribution of the data to all who need to know.

Question 8

List the essentials of a good surveillance system

Answer 8

Collection of relevant data

Analyze and interpret data

distribution of relevant data to all necessary parties

Question 9

Name 3 types of Surveillance

Answer 9

Active
Passive
Senitel

Question 10

Who reports surveillance data

Answer 10

Doctors, nurses, ICP, laboratories, hospital epidemiologist, other healthcare professionals

Question 11

List 5 Wilson’s criteria

Answer 11

1. The disease must be an important health concern
2. Diagnosis and treatment must be cost effective
3. Natural history of disease must be understood
4. Case findings must be continuous
5. Test must be simple, accurate, acceptable, sensitive and specific

Question 12

What kind of measure is attributable risk?

Answer 12

Measure of impact

Question 13

Is attack rate an incidence?

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What are the two measures used to quantify the distribution of disease occurrence?

Answer 14

Incidence and Prevalence

Question 15

What is Wilson’s criteria?

Answer 15

A guideline for screening of diseases

Question 16

What kind of measure is Relative Risk?

Answer 16

measure of association

Question 17

What kind of measures is Odds Ratio?

Answer 17

Measure of association

Question 18

What are 3 types of Rates?

Answer 18

Crude rate
specific rate
adjusted rate

Question 19

Attributable Risk Percent (ARP)

Answer 19

Proportion of all cases in a general population that can be ascribed to a specific risk factor.

ARP= (incidence in total population)- (incidence in unexposed group)

Question 20

Factors that Increase Prevalence

Answer 20

1. Longer duration of the disease
2. Prolongation of life of patient without a cure.
3. Increase in new cases (increase in incidence).
4. Out-migration of healthy people
5. In-migration of susceptible people
6. Improved diagnostic facilities (better reporting)

Question 21

Define Health

Answer 21

The complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely in the absence of disease or infirmity.

Question 22

Measurements of Health and Diseases is required for:

Answer 22

Prevention of disease
Promoting Health
Planning Health Services

Question 23

How do you know if measurements are valid?

Answer 23

if a variable is a valid measure of a property if it is relevant and appropriate as a representation of that property.

Question 24

4 Properties of the Relative Risk?

Answer 24

1. Range from 0 to infinity (I.e. cannot be negative).
2. If RR= 1 then there is no association
3. If RR> 1 then there is a positive association
4. If RR <1 then there is a negative association

Question 25

The 3 properties of the Odds Ratio

Answer 25

1. Regardless of how the data are sampled t the OR will remain the same.
2. It has similar properties to the RR in terms of range, magnitude and statistical significance.
3. Under the condition of a rare disease, the odds ratio will be a decent approximation to the “true relative risk”

Question 26

3 goals of analyzing data

Answer 26

1. Determine the magnitude of the association– use measures of associations and impact.
2. Rule out the role of chance in the results by doing confidence intervals and hypothesis testing.
3. Rule out confounding by restriction or statistical adjustment for potential confounders