Test 1 Flashcards
Hippocrates
“On Air, Water, and Places”
A Greek Philosopher
a physician in the 5th century who displayed an extraordinary awareness on the impact of environment and behavior on personal well-being.
He identified forces that epidemiologist today recognize as major determinants of human health.
He overlooked the importance of quantification.
Who is the father of Medicine and Epidemiology
Hippocrates
John Graunt
“Observations…Upon the Bill of Mortality”
An Englishman in the 17th century who introduced quantification of health data.
He noted that biological phenomena such as births and deaths, varied in predictable and regular ways.
Edward Jenner
Discovered vaccination in May of 1796
found a milkmaid name Sarah that had cowpox on her wrist. inoculated the lesions in young boy named James Phipps. Phipps became ill over the course of 9 days and on the 10 day was better.
Jon Snow
Was in English man in 1854 that determined the cholera deaths in London outbreak clustered around the Broadstreet pump.
What did John Snow Findings Prompt?
The removal of the pump handle and the suspected source was shut down. The Broad street pump outbreak subsided thereafter.
Who is the father of Epidemiology?
John Snow
William Farr
A leader in developing health and vital statistics records for the office of the British registrar General .
What is the Definition of Surveillance
The continued watchfulness over the distribution and trends of incidence through the systematic collection, consolidation and evaluation of morbidity and mortality reports and other relevant data, and the regular dissemination of data to all who need to know.
Public health Definition of Surveillance?
Is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome specific data, closely integrated with timely dissemination of these data to those who responsible for preventing and controlling disease or injury.
Ignaz Semmeiweis
Improved nosocrnia spital hopsital hygiene practice in the maternity ward at the General Hospital in Vienna.
Who is the father of HH?
Ignaz Semmeiweis
Louis Pasteur
Although he did not propose the germ theory. He developed it and conducted experiments that clearly indicated it correctness and managed to convince Europe it was true.
He discovered: Cholera, Anthrax, and Rabies
Who is one of the Fathers of germ theory and bacteriology
Louis Pasteur
Sir Alexander Fleming
Was a Scottish biologist, botanist, and pharmacologist. he discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mold Penicillum notatum in 1923.
Who contributed to Disease control through therapy of treatment?
Sir Alexander Fleming
Definition of epidemiology (john last)
is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
What is an Epidemiologist?
An investigator who studies the occurrence of disease or other health related conditions or events in defined populations. The control of disease in population is often considered to be a task for the epidemiologist.
Definition of an Epidemic
An increase in the number of cases over past experience for a given population, time, and place.
Surveillance is needed in order to define an epidemic.
What is used in Epi to show the distribution of cases in an outbreak?
Epidemic Curve
What is a “Recipe” for an Epidemic?
Increased amount of pathogen, agent, or toxic material
Exposed and susceptible persons
Common circumstances which lead to occurrence of an epidemic:
*Susceptible are introduced to an
endemic area
*A new pathogen is introduced
*Changes in behavioral, sexual or
cultural practices
*Host altered by drug-induced
immunosuppression or nutrition
Steps in Epidemic investigation
- Establish existence
- Verify diagnosis
- Define and identify cases
- Describe Person, Place, and Time
- Develop and Test hypothesis
- Implement Control
Outbreak Investigation
- Define the Epidemic
- Examine the distribution of cases
- Look for the combination (interactions)
of relevant variables. - Develop Hypothesis
- Test Hypothesis
- Recommend control measures
Outbreak Investigation (Define the Epidemic)
- Define the epidemic
A) Define the numerator (cases)- Clinical features: is the disease
Known? - What are it’s serologic or cultural
aspects? - Are the causes partially understood?
- Clinical features: is the disease
B) Define the “denominator”: what are the populations at risk of developing disease?
C) Calculate attack risks
