TEST 2 Flashcards
According to the Scammon Growth Chart, what system of the body has the fastest development?
Lymphnoid
What is the Scammon Growth Chart? (what for systems, and age?)
A chart that displays the growth of: (from birth to 20 years)
- lymph system
- neural system
- genitals
- general systems
What are a few environmental variables that affect the physical development of a child?
- Ethnicity, SES, # of children in family, hygiene, PA levels
What kind of skills are delayed in development?
Gross motor skills
What (two) parts of the human body grows faster?
Brain and head
What does myelination do?
Increases speed of neuron communication
3-6 years: most rapid growth is shown in what part of the brain?
The frontal lobe
The frontal lobe does what?
Working memory, attention
What are gross motor skills? Examples.
Large movements that involve muscles of arms, legs or whole body.
- running, jumping, crawling, walking
What are fine motor skills? Examples.
Small detailed movements of fingers or toes
- writing
- scissors
- picking up objects
What does NEAT stand for and what does it mean?
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis:
- energy expended for activities that are daily activities like walking to work or gardening or fidgeting.
What is BMR?
Basal metabolic rate: amount of energy one needs at a resting state.
During the children at preschool article, what percentage of their time were they physically active / sedentary?
PA: less than 3%
Sedentary: 80%
When do self-conscious emotions begin to take place? (give 3 self-conscious emotions)
When the child develops a sense of self
- pride
- shame
- embarrassment
What is moral development?
Development of behaviour, thoughts and feelings
- beginning to understand what is right and wrong?
What are Freud’s moral feelings?
Anxiety and guilt
What are Piaget’s 2 moral reasonings?
- Heteronomous morality
2. Autonomous morality
What is heteronomous morality and at what age do people have it?
The morality that all rules are set in stone,
- a bad action will always have a punishment
- 4 - 7 y/o
What is autonomous morality and at what age do people have it?
The morality that not all rules are set in stone, and that they are created,
- context to a specific action will determine a consequence
- 10 + y/o
What is gender?
The SOCIAL dimensions of being male or female
What is sex?
The BIOLOGICAL dimensions of being male or female
What 5 influences influence gender?
- biological
- social
- parental
- peer
- cognitive
At what age is gender identity typically established?
3 y/o
What are “gender roles”?
Expectations of what females and males should do
What are the 4 parenting styles and what do they consist of?
- Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive
- authoritative: encourages independence, with limits
- neglectful: uninvolved
- Indulgent: highly involved, no limits
Which parenting style is the best?
Authoritative
Who are the 4 theorists of play?
Freud, Erickson, Piaget and Vygotsky
What were Freud and Erickson’s theory of play?
That play helps children master anxieties and conflicts
What is Piaget’s theory of play?
Cognitive structures need to be exercised, play does this
What is Vygotsky’s theory of play?
Make-believe play helps in the advance of cognitive development
What is the main barrier to active play?
Parents: being overprotective and not letting their child explore
What 3 things happen to the teenage brain?
- cortical thickens
- advances in PREFRONTAL CORTEX
- synaptic pruning and focal activation
Hyperplasia?
Increase in cell number, mitosis
Hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size
Accretion?
Increase in intracellular substances
In “changing emphasis of PA during childhood and adolescence” graph (Malina, 1991), what are the 2 types of PA?
- general PA: motor skills
- prescriptive PA: for health, fitness and behavioural outcomes
At what age is a child most active and why does it decline?
3 y/o
- they have a love of movement but are beginning to become limited due to enviro.
CAPL stands for?
Canadian assessment of physical literacy
What is physical literacy?
Motivation, confidence, competence, knowledge to value and take responsibility for engagement in PA for life
What percent of children 5-17 meet the PA guidelines?
9%
How many hours a day do children remain sedentary?
8.5 hours
According to the 24 hour movement guidelines, no more than how much screen time is __?
2 hours
What is the right amount of sleep per night for 5-13 and 14-17 year olds?
5-13: 9 to 11 hours
14-17: 8 to 10 hours
How many hours should you sweat per day?
One hour
What perccent of children meet the canadian sedentary behaviour guidelines?
24%
What are the benefits of PA on brain health (cellular level)?
development of blood vessels and neurons, increase growth factor in NS, maintenance and plasticity
Name 3 risks of sedentary behaviour.
- type 2 diabetes
- anxiety / depression
- coronary heart disease
75% of children are having more ___ than recommended.
Sodium
More than what percent of girls aged 5-8 wanted to be thinner in 2004?
40%
Who created the IQ test?
William Stern
How do you calculate IQ?
Mental age/chronological age x 100
Who invented the Stanford-Binet test?
Alfred Binet
