TEST 1 Flashcards
What is the evolutionary perspective?
To consider all behaviours a result of the evolutionary process.
What carries our genetic code?
DNA
Explain Down Syndrome.
Extra chromosome #21. Physical variation and slow processing.
Explain Klinefelters.
Extra X chromosome. Physical variation, infertile.
Explain Turner’s syndrome.
Missing X chromosome in females, sexual underdevelopment and intellectual disabilities.
Amniocentesis:
Amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic defects
Chorionic villus sampling:
10-12 weeks, small sample of placenta tested for genetic or chromosomal defects
Ultrasound:
High frequency sound waves, echo gives visual of inner structures of baby.
What is a Passive genotype-environmental correlation vs. Evocative genotype-environmental correlation?
Passive: Parents provide to the child, things to improve what they have inherited to the child. (books for smarts)
Evocative: Childs personality provides them with their own environments. (talkative children receive more social environments)
What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?
Fraternal: 2 eggs were fertilized
Identical: 1 egg fertilized and divides into 2 identical eggs
What are endocrine-disrupting chemicals?
Chemicals that act as agonists in the endocrine system, an disrupt its natural flow
What is the “fetal origin” theory?
It suggests that the gestation period is significantly impactful on the development of the child from infancy to adulthood
What are obesogens?
Foreign chemicals that disrupt normal development and balance of lipid metabolism (endocrine system)
What is “Catch-up growth theory”?
When a baby is born underweight, they go through a period of “catch-up growth” to make up for the weight they did not acquire during gestation.
Which countries are participating in obesogen studies?
Norway, Amsterdam, Canada, USA, Sweden, Netherlands
What are epigenetics?
Genes that are in the same genetic code, but give off an alteration in gene EXPRESSION
- Therefore two people can have the same genetic code, but look completely different
What is the most important trait to survive as a child?
Attachment: attach to parents = ensured safety
What are thrifty genes?
Enable people to efficiently collect and process food to deposit fat. (during food abundance, for survival during famines.)
What is a chromosome?
Threadlike structure composed of DNA
What is DNA?
complex structure of genetic information
What does meiosis result in?
4 new sex cells, gametes (sperm or egg)
What is a zygote?
sperm + egg = zygote
When is the germinal period? And what is are the three stages created during this period?
first 2 weeks after conception
- zygote
- blastocyst
- trophoblast
What is a blastocyst?
Inner layer of cells develop and later become the EMBRYO
What is a trophoblast?
Outer layer develops and later becomes nutrition for the embryo
When is the embryonic period?
2-8 weeks
What appears during embryonic period?
The organs
What are the layers of the embryo? (outer to inner)
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
T or F? The mom and baby’s blood come in contact with each other.
False
What does the umbilical cord consist of?
2 arteries
1 vein
When is the fetal period?
8 week - birth
What develops out of the ectoderm?
Their neural tube
What is the result of the failure to close the neural tube development?
Spina bifida
What are teratogens?
a factor that causes malformation of an embryo
When is there greatest sensitivity to teratogens?
embryonic period
When is organogenesis?
during the first 2 months, then they just mature
What is Barker’s Developmental Origins of Disease hypothesis?
That the uterine environment plays a critical role in a child’s development later on in life
What can we do about the “intergenerational cycle of obesity”?
Healthy nutrition, exercise and information
Can drugs prescription drugs or recreational drugs affect the fetus?
Yes.
What are some examples of teratogens?
Drugs, maternal diseases, environmental hazards (radiation, toxic waste)
What is anoxia?
After the baby is born, it is faced with insufficient levels of oxygen (could cause brain damage)
At what point to the baby’s lungs actually fill with air?
Once the umbilical cord is cut.
Does the birthing process bring stress to the baby or the mother?
Both the baby and the mother are under considerable amounts of stress
What percentage of births take place in a hospital?
99%
What are the three methods of delivery?
- medicated (epidural, analgesia)
- natural
- caeserean
What point are babies “preterm”?
3 weeks before full term
What is kangaroo care?
skin-to-skin contact with the baby
What are the good apgar scale scores and the emergency apgar scale scores?
good = 7-10 emergency = 3
What are the apgar scale components?
- respiratory effort
- colour
- heart rate
- muscle tone
- reflex irritability
What is cephalocaudal development?
- example
top to bottom growth
- head grows big first
What is proximodistal development?
centre to extremities
- organs develop before fingers
What is shaken baby syndrome?
Shaking the baby causes the brain to shake and cause damage.
Damage to the BACK of the brain causes what?
Vision problems, problems to the occipital lobe
Damage to the FRONT of the brain causes what?
Behavioural and developmental problems to the frontal lobe
What do they mean by the brain “pruning” neurons?
Use it or lose it.
- If the neuron is not being used it is killed away
- if neuron is being used it is strengthened
What is lateralization?
both sides of the brain have their own functions (independent) but work together
Babies spend most of their time in _____ sleep.
REM
What are the 2 major nutrients needed for infants?
- vitamin D
- iron
What is marasmus?
consequence of malnutrition, often due to early weaning of breast milk (essential proteins)
what is Kwashiorkor?
Severe protein deficiency causes abdomen to swell
What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?
fine: small movements
- holding a spoon
gross: big movements
- sitting, rolling over, uses large muscles
How do infants retain information?
from being CONDITIONED
What is important about language development?
There is a certain window that is crucial fro the development of detailed language
Broca’s area vs. Wernicke’s area?
Broca's = producing words Wernicke's = understanding words
