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HAHP 2000 > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective?

A

To consider all behaviours a result of the evolutionary process.

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2
Q

What carries our genetic code?

A

DNA

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3
Q

Explain Down Syndrome.

A

Extra chromosome #21. Physical variation and slow processing.

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4
Q

Explain Klinefelters.

A

Extra X chromosome. Physical variation, infertile.

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5
Q

Explain Turner’s syndrome.

A

Missing X chromosome in females, sexual underdevelopment and intellectual disabilities.

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6
Q

Amniocentesis:

A

Amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic defects

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7
Q

Chorionic villus sampling:

A

10-12 weeks, small sample of placenta tested for genetic or chromosomal defects

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8
Q

Ultrasound:

A

High frequency sound waves, echo gives visual of inner structures of baby.

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9
Q

What is a Passive genotype-environmental correlation vs. Evocative genotype-environmental correlation?

A

Passive: Parents provide to the child, things to improve what they have inherited to the child. (books for smarts)

Evocative: Childs personality provides them with their own environments. (talkative children receive more social environments)

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10
Q

What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?

A

Fraternal: 2 eggs were fertilized
Identical: 1 egg fertilized and divides into 2 identical eggs

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11
Q

What are endocrine-disrupting chemicals?

A

Chemicals that act as agonists in the endocrine system, an disrupt its natural flow

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12
Q

What is the “fetal origin” theory?

A

It suggests that the gestation period is significantly impactful on the development of the child from infancy to adulthood

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13
Q

What are obesogens?

A

Foreign chemicals that disrupt normal development and balance of lipid metabolism (endocrine system)

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14
Q

What is “Catch-up growth theory”?

A

When a baby is born underweight, they go through a period of “catch-up growth” to make up for the weight they did not acquire during gestation.

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15
Q

Which countries are participating in obesogen studies?

A

Norway, Amsterdam, Canada, USA, Sweden, Netherlands

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16
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

Genes that are in the same genetic code, but give off an alteration in gene EXPRESSION
- Therefore two people can have the same genetic code, but look completely different

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17
Q

What is the most important trait to survive as a child?

A

Attachment: attach to parents = ensured safety

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18
Q

What are thrifty genes?

A

Enable people to efficiently collect and process food to deposit fat. (during food abundance, for survival during famines.)

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19
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Threadlike structure composed of DNA

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20
Q

What is DNA?

A

complex structure of genetic information

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21
Q

What does meiosis result in?

A

4 new sex cells, gametes (sperm or egg)

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22
Q

What is a zygote?

A

sperm + egg = zygote

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23
Q

When is the germinal period? And what is are the three stages created during this period?

A

first 2 weeks after conception

  1. zygote
  2. blastocyst
  3. trophoblast
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24
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Inner layer of cells develop and later become the EMBRYO

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25
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

Outer layer develops and later becomes nutrition for the embryo

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26
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

2-8 weeks

27
Q

What appears during embryonic period?

A

The organs

28
Q

What are the layers of the embryo? (outer to inner)

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
29
Q

T or F? The mom and baby’s blood come in contact with each other.

A

False

30
Q

What does the umbilical cord consist of?

A

2 arteries

1 vein

31
Q

When is the fetal period?

A

8 week - birth

32
Q

What develops out of the ectoderm?

A

Their neural tube

33
Q

What is the result of the failure to close the neural tube development?

A

Spina bifida

34
Q

What are teratogens?

A

a factor that causes malformation of an embryo

35
Q

When is there greatest sensitivity to teratogens?

A

embryonic period

36
Q

When is organogenesis?

A

during the first 2 months, then they just mature

37
Q

What is Barker’s Developmental Origins of Disease hypothesis?

A

That the uterine environment plays a critical role in a child’s development later on in life

38
Q

What can we do about the “intergenerational cycle of obesity”?

A

Healthy nutrition, exercise and information

39
Q

Can drugs prescription drugs or recreational drugs affect the fetus?

A

Yes.

40
Q

What are some examples of teratogens?

A

Drugs, maternal diseases, environmental hazards (radiation, toxic waste)

41
Q

What is anoxia?

A

After the baby is born, it is faced with insufficient levels of oxygen (could cause brain damage)

42
Q

At what point to the baby’s lungs actually fill with air?

A

Once the umbilical cord is cut.

43
Q

Does the birthing process bring stress to the baby or the mother?

A

Both the baby and the mother are under considerable amounts of stress

44
Q

What percentage of births take place in a hospital?

A

99%

45
Q

What are the three methods of delivery?

A
  • medicated (epidural, analgesia)
  • natural
  • caeserean
46
Q

What point are babies “preterm”?

A

3 weeks before full term

47
Q

What is kangaroo care?

A

skin-to-skin contact with the baby

48
Q

What are the good apgar scale scores and the emergency apgar scale scores?

A 
good = 7-10
emergency = 3
49
Q

What are the apgar scale components?

A
  • respiratory effort
  • colour
  • heart rate
  • muscle tone
  • reflex irritability
50
Q

What is cephalocaudal development?

- example

A

top to bottom growth

- head grows big first

51
Q

What is proximodistal development?

A

centre to extremities

- organs develop before fingers

52
Q

What is shaken baby syndrome?

A

Shaking the baby causes the brain to shake and cause damage.

53
Q

Damage to the BACK of the brain causes what?

A

Vision problems, problems to the occipital lobe

54
Q

Damage to the FRONT of the brain causes what?

A

Behavioural and developmental problems to the frontal lobe

55
Q

What do they mean by the brain “pruning” neurons?

A

Use it or lose it.

  • If the neuron is not being used it is killed away
  • if neuron is being used it is strengthened
56
Q

What is lateralization?

A

both sides of the brain have their own functions (independent) but work together

57
Q

Babies spend most of their time in _____ sleep.

A

REM

58
Q

What are the 2 major nutrients needed for infants?

A
  • vitamin D

- iron

59
Q

What is marasmus?

A

consequence of malnutrition, often due to early weaning of breast milk (essential proteins)

60
Q

what is Kwashiorkor?

A

Severe protein deficiency causes abdomen to swell

61
Q

What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?

A

fine: small movements
- holding a spoon
gross: big movements
- sitting, rolling over, uses large muscles

62
Q

How do infants retain information?

A

from being CONDITIONED

63
Q

What is important about language development?

A

There is a certain window that is crucial fro the development of detailed language

64
Q

Broca’s area vs. Wernicke’s area?

A 
Broca's = producing words
Wernicke's = understanding words

HAHP 2000 (3 decks)

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