Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
A
The Temple of Herod
- jerusalem
- jewish art
- architecture
- 19 BCE-70 CE
- Used to be the temple of Soloman: believe to hold the Ark of the Covenant in the Holy of Holies room
- Temple represents hierophany (appearance of the divine in the human realm)
- Enter through double gates
- Mikvah ritual baths:prepare to enter holy place–can enter if: state of purity and jewish
- 4 Court yards-Court of: Gentiles, Women, Israelites, Priests (Separated by sacrality, gender, hierarchy)
- Alter is a sacrificial piece of furniture: Jews offered blood of animals; blood=life of animal, blood is reserved for Divine Realm (humans cannot eat blood)
- High Priest can enter the area of God behind the veil on Yom Kippur (YHWH-4 letter unspeakable name of God)
2
Q
A
Dura Europos Synagogue
- Dura Europos
- Syria
- 256
- Architecture
- Jewish Art
- First evidence of biblical art
- first synagogue
- Torah shrine-a place where the torah is kept
- Fresco al secco technique-fresco technique
- along the Eurphrades River
3
Q
A
Moses and the Burning Bush
- Dura Europos
- Syria
- 256
- tempera on plaster painting
- jewish art
- Taking his shoes off
- Contrapposto stance, wearing a toga, in an orator pose (looks like a Roman citizen)
- Bush has tints of read to show the burning
- Hand of God in upper left corner-a meraphor to show the strendth and presence of God (Hierophany)
- First image of what Jews looked like-hair style, beard
- Domus ecclesiae-house of congregation, house of church, baptistery
4
Q
A
Dura Europos Christian Baptistery
- Dura Europos
- Syria
- 256
- Architecture
- Early Christian
- Built structure with a baptismal area
- Reminence of fresco painting-women approaching a tomb structure (walking to a place where rebirth would occur)
5
Q
A
Old St. Peter’s Basilica
- Rome
- c. 333
- Architecture
- Early Christian
- Constantine ordered to have this built-believed to be the place where St. Peter was buried-God’s presence is associated with God’s martyrs
- Evidence of the first basilica
- Nave-long congregational area
- side aisles
- Apse-area where the most activity took place
- Made of timber
6
Q
A
Santa Sabina
- Rome
- 423-32
- Architecture
- Early Christian
- Church of the Dominicans
- Has: nave, side aisles, apse, timber room, windows, columns to separate aisles and hold the nave arcade, alter in the apse (surrounded by small balustrades)
- Spandrels-icons at the top of the columns telling us what the space is about
- This place of the alter is called “Holy of Holies”
- It is God on the alter
7
Q
A
Sacrophagus of Junius Bassus
- marble sculpture
- Rome
- 359 CE
- early christian
- Coffin of Junius Bassus
- Decorative narrative on the coffin
- Jesus flanked by apostles Peter and Paul
- Jesus’s appearance: young, beardless, looks like a philosopher, holds a scroll, sits on a throne, has a stool (resting his feet on the heavens-the god Calus)
- Elements of it taken from ancient greco roman tradition: columns, arches, togas, biblical images
- typology: Christian beliefs coming from the old testament
8
Q
A
Good Shepherd
- Galla Placidia
- Ravenna, Italy
- mosaic
- c. 425-426
- early christian
- associations of loving, caring, protectiveness, strength
- theme of shepherd watching over sheep/carrying sheep became powerful/positive image
- makes God’s love understandable to listeners
- Jesus portrayed as an emperor
- his imperial majesty is signaled by the Golden halo surrounding his head-shows the triumph of Christianity
9
Q
A
Church of San Vitale
- Ravenna, Italy
- c. 547
- architecture
- byzantine art
- Dedicated as a martyrium for St. Vitale
- centrally planned structure (point in the middle and radiates space)
- plain exterior, highly decorated exterior
- double story
- octagonal shape
- interior decorated with colorful mosaics, patterened marble
- there is a sanctuary
10
Q
A
Sacrifice of Isaac
- church of san vitale
- c. 547
- mosaics
- byzantine art
- Angels are shouting about Isaacs birth and Sarah hears it
- Abraham is offering the angels a meal
- Hierophany-hand of God is breaking through to stop the action of the sacrifice
- Mosaic-made of cut stone and glass imbedded in cement
- Typological study of a pre-figuration of Jesus being sacrificed
- The table and the alter pre-figure the signighcance of the offering that is happening on the apse
11
Q
A
Justinian and his Retinue
- Church of san vitale
- c. 547
- mosaics
- Byzantine art
- Halo/nimbus above Justinian shows his blessed status
- He is surrounded by relgious figures
- His crown signifies that he’s an emperor
- Army behind him-importance of state and religion (Religion and military marriage can be seen on the shield)
- He is holding the eucharist-associates himself with the body of Christ
12
Q
A
Theodora and her Attendants
- Church of san vitale
- c. 547
- mosaics
- byzantine art
- She has a halo and a crown
- She holds the chalice to signify the blood of Christ (wearing purple robe with iconography of 3 kings with gifts)
- Surrounded by her people
- Construction of Theodora’s space is specialized: Fountain,doorway with the veil-supposed to envision her in aother place in the church
- relationship between the women and sacred: exclusion of women in religion
13
Q
A
Hagia Sophia
- Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
- Constantinople (Istanbul)
- 537
- architecture
- Byzantine Art
- Sophia means windom: “Church of Holy Wisdom”
- embodies both imperial power and Christian glory
- Brings Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus to design the church: 2 scientistis
- Round dome of power on a square base of a church
- Pendentive-bridge that makes it possible to put the circle (Dome) on top of a square: connects the base of the dome to the supporting piers
- 4 huge arches
- “Soloman, I have surpassed you!”-Justinian (He now has a temple for God as well)
14
Q
A
Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints and Angels
- icon in monastery of St. Catherine
- Mt. Sinai
- 6th century
- encaustic on wood panel painting, byzantine art
- Hand of God is coming down-Hierophany
- Surrounded by saints
- Hierarchy-most important people are seated in the middle
- Mary sits on throne-“Seat of Wisdom”-she is a throne for baby Jesus, Theotokos-the God carrier
- Painted on wood with encaustic technique (use of melted bees wax)
- incited a great deal of anger from viewers: people performed proskynesis (kneeling down and praying in front of image), People tried to touch it for healing powers (thought inage was a vehicle for the hierophany that the image contained), blurred lines between pagan idolatry/christian worship
- iconoclastic controversy-Pope Leo III sets out to rid Christian empire of images
15
Q
A
Crucifixion and Iconoclasts
- Chludow psalter
- mid 9th c.
- illuminated manuscript
- byzantine art
- association with people against Christ with iconoclast
- made after iconoclastic controversy
- writing: Christ is in the upper corner
- Augustus said that art lies and leads people astray by imagery
16
Q
A
Christ Pantocrator
- from Hagia Sophia Deesis panel
- 1261
- mosaics
- byzantine art
- Jesus in the center: Halo (nimbus), cross in hard, powerful gesture to bless or condemn because he’s the judge, Pantocrator image (Christ ruler of all things)
- Holds new testament in his hands
- Has a small beard w/ serious expression
- God, the divine, took on carnal flesh
17
Q
A
Dome of the Rock
- Jerusalem
- commissioned by Abd el-Malik
- 692
- Architecture
- islamic art
- A shrine to the rock: the rock is the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven
- octagonal in spape, dome on top
- two aisles circular going to center
- interior is covered with Byzantine mosaics
- Giant rock in center of this structure-dome overtop of it
- Arabesque style-organi motic that has been stylized and simple forms that are repeating
- Exterior-use of geometry (rectangles, triangles, hexagons, diamonds, calligraphy)
18
Q
A
Great Mosque of Cordoba
- Spain
- 785-965
- Architecture
- Islamic Art
- Sacred direction towards Mecca-Quiblah
- Composed of rows that point towards Mecca
- empty shrine shows that this is the sacred direction towards Mihrab
- Horse shoe shaped arches
- elaborated ceiling with geometric shape, calligraphy, scrolling organic motifs (arabesque style)
19
Q
A
Shoulder Clasp (from Sutton Hoo)
- Gold
- colisonnne
- millefiori glass
- 7th-8th centuries
- Anglo-Saxon Art
- very small and precious
- made of fine materials-gold
- Gold treated in ways so the luminosity of the gold can be seen, golden threads worked into decorative patterns (filigree), Cloisonne technique (woven into cavities [cloisons] where precious gems and molten glass (milleflori) are placed
- many geometric shapes
- some sort of reptilian creature biting its tale (animal struggle depicts human struggle at the time)
20
Q
A
Purse Lid (from Sutton Hoo)
- wale-bone ivory
- gold
- cloisonne
- millefiori glass
- 625-33
- Anglo-Saxon Art
- was attached to a leather bag
- whale bone ivory used to create the “canvas”
- iconography-human figure attacked on two sides by ferocious animas (perhaps bear), hawk grasping duck with talons-reflecting struggle to survive
- bilateral symmetry
21
Q
A
Belt Buckle (from Sutton Hoo)
- gold with black iello inlay
- 625-33
- Anglo-Saxon Art
- Reptilian animal depicted
- surface area covered with interlacing motifs-creates a movement like feel, knotted interlacing motifs (niello): silver, copper, lead
22
Q
A
Book of Durrow
- St. Matthew
- Carpet Page
- illuminated manuscript on vellum
- after 650
- hiberno-saxon art
- Carpet page-little text, mostly artistic elements, woven texiles
- use of red, yellow, back, green help tie the composition together
- st. Matthew: simple face, face to front, feet to the side, no arms or actual body (no attention to the human form), Cloisonne pattern
- Written on animal skin: Vellum (calf skin), soaked and stretched on a frame, fur and fat scrapped off, volcanic stone used to smooth out and make it easier to write on
23
Q
A
Chi-Rho Page
- Matthew’s Gospel
- Book of Kells
- vellum
- 8th-9th century
- Hiberno-saxon art
- patterning
- main iconography: twisted cross with diamond in the middle, can see the first 3 letters of Christ’s name
- a winged man: evangelical symbol of Matthew
- patterns look like filigree
- animals fighting over the Eucharist
- Word “generacio” at bottom of pg-book of matthew begins with family tree that dates back to the house of david
24
Q
A
Palatine Chapel
- Odo of Metz
- Palatine Chapel
- Aachen
- 792-805
- Carolingian Architecture
- woks with Odo de Metz to incorporate roman aspects into palace
- octagon shape
- square apse protrudes at multiple levels
- builds it on the roman arch
- uses corinthian columns within the structures as merely decorative to reference ancient roman history
- Golden mosaics in the ceiling above his throne-Jesus in the heavens ruling and facing Charlemagne
25
Q
A
Coronation Gospels
- Matthew the Evangelist
- illuminated manuscript
- ink and colors on vellum
- first quarter of the 9th c.
- carolingian art
- Gold and purple associate it with his crown
- St. Matthew: writing the gospel, looks very much like a roman philosopher (wears toga, sitting on chair with a footstool for his feet, writing with ink), halo
- naturalis,-much more based in nature
26
Q
A
Ebbo Gospels
- Matthew the evangelist
- illuminated manuscript
- ink and colors on vellum
- second quarter of 9th c
- carolingian art
- St. Matthew: winged figure spilling out words into the horns that holds Matthews inl while he is writing the Gospel, facial expression-he looks worried or possessed, hair is very much like a drapery-moving at its very own pace
- structures in the backround
- footstool is moving in a diffrent direction than the coronation gospel
- draperu on the toga has taken on its own life-like a whirling tornado
- medieval sensibility around expessive art that turns it back on the classical foundations
27
Q
A
Bronze Doors of St. Michael’s of Hildesheim
- Bishop Bernward
- bronze
- 1015
- Ottonian art
- Lost wax process-molten bronze in used to be poured into a mold that is originally carved in wax
- 8 panels: ex. one panel-adam committing sin (narrative of fall of humanity): adam and eve crouching down, adam pointing at eve and the serpent, God is asking them what they have done
- no contrapposto pose in any of these panels-evidence of turning away from classical art
- typological order: each panel on the left prefigures something on the right
28
Q
A
Gero Crucifix
- painted and gilded wood scuplture
- 970
- Ottonian Art
- First time Jesus appears as a corpse hanging on the cross
- INRI-“Iesvs Nazarenvs Rex Ivdaeorvm”-Jesus of Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum
- Exaggeration of features
- Distortion of body for an emotional reaction
- Cross behind head: can open to place crucifix in it
29
Q
A
St. Sernin
- Toulouse, France
- 1080-1120
- Romanesque architecture
- church-not a cathedral: has a throne of Bishop
- Romanesque architecture
- ambulatory around the periphery: an aisle that times the border of the inside of the church to help with the traffic
- radiating chapels or apsidioles-built to hold more relics
- Change in materials-stone work: helped carry sound (gregorian chating), can no longer use delicate columns to hold up roof, must use the barrel vault, groin, or cross vaulting
- very mathematical building
- compound order
- colossal order
30
Q
A
Last Judgement
- Gislebertus
- Saint-Lazare Cathedral
- Autun, France
- 1120-45
- relief Sculpture
- Romanesque Art
- Door becomes a threshold: post and lintel doorway with romanesque arch, space mirrors pilgrimage, journey, and passage; doorway allows sacred and secular to mix
- Tympanum-semicircular shape where sculpture is
- Looks very crowded with a number of figures, but register lines create on order to it
- Giant figure of Christ in the center-hierarchy of scale, halo wraps around his body
- To the right: those who are saved-these people brought up from the tombs by angels and are hoisted up into the next realm (city of God)
- To the left: those who are damned-claws pulling people out of grave; sins shown-serpents biting people; lifted into a realm where angel and demon weigh the souls (insect figures pulling down in the souls); figures given to hell and are condemned
- linear technique
- signature front and center of art: “Gislebertus hoc fecit”-Gislebertus Made this
31
Q
A
Eve
- Gislebertus
- Saint-Lazare Cathedral
- Autun, France
- 1120-25
- relief sculpture
- Romanesque art
- She is whispering across to Adam
- Plucks the fruit from the tree
- She is slithering
- Linear technique-lines, hair, and expression in face emphasize her humanity
- church is dedicated to Mary
32
Q
A
Triumph of Maria Ecclesia
- Santa Maria in Trastevere
- Rome
- mosaics
- 1130-43
- Romanesque art
- Christ sitting on a throne with Mary
- Linearity of Jesus shown from top to bottom- jesus’s initials at top to lambs at the bottom
- Mary looks like Theodora sitting on an elaborate throne: crown and robe with jewels
- Jesus holds liturgical texts
- Mary holds an ancient scroll-bridge between Jews and Christians, old and new testaments
- This image of Christ is used to elevate Mary and show how she is the symbol of the Church-Christ marries the church
33
Q
A
Self-Portrait
- Guda
- from Book of Homilies
- illuminated manuscript
- 12th century
- Romanesque art
- image of a woman by a woman
- first european self portrait signed by a woman
- completely engulfs herself on the sacred space by being in the sacred text
- wears a nuns outfit
- Guda tells us she is a sinner
- She is a writer and a painter-her hand shows creativity and how she is the artist of this work
34
Q
A
Bayeux Embroidery
- wool embroidery on linen
- Bayeux, France
- 1066-82
- Romanesque Art
- by an anglo-saxon woman
- very large
- shows detail how embroideries were made: prallel lines and cross stitches with borders to keep it in place; secular scene of the Norman conquest that took place in england; gives a look into medieval living
35
Q
A
Basilica of St. Denis
- near Paris
- c. 1140
- Gothic
- Architecture
- Kings and Queens of France are buried
- spiritualized architecture-light building material
- in it there are manuscripts called The Celestial Hiererchy
- Apse: more integrated and into the ambulatory, radiating chapels have beenbrought into the area as well, creates a much more networking and unified area
- Abbot Suger: “Opus novum”-new work, not Gothic
- Pointed arch: adds more height to arch (can make different heights), aesthetic quality, creates an upward motion-points to the heavens
- Ribbed Vaulting: middle area of arch where seems are created, bands that help her support arch, articulate the areas where bricks will be filled in, direct the weight and thrust of the heavy ceiling into specific places
36
Q
A
Notre Dame
- Paris
- 1163-1250
- Gothic
- Architecture
- Dedicated to Mary
- Uses pointed arches, ribbed vault, and flying buttresses
- flying buttresses: creates an equlibrium, takes the pressure off windows,
- clear story: very fragile glass that cannot hold up the ceiling
37
Q
A
Tree of Jesse
- Chartres Cathedral
- stained glass
- 12th c
- Gothic art
- Stain glass: melt silica into molten substance, color and pour into molds, fired in kiln, painted the pieces, placed in led panels
- Led panels hold pieces together and are flexible-allows the glass to move with the wind and adjust with the building
- figure is reclining: Jesse=King David’s father; tree trunk coming out of groin=family tree and line of heritage all the way to mary and Jesus
38
Q
A
Sainte-Chapelle
- Paris
- Patron Louis IX
- 1243-48
- Architecture
- Gothic (Rayonant)
- Build the chapel to look like a reliquary box
- rayonant-radiating forms from tracery in the windows
- called The Basket of Glass-walls are almost completely made of glass
39
Q
A
Abraham and the Three Angels
- St. Louis Psalter
- illuminated manuscript on parchment
- 1253-70
- Gothic (Rayonant)
- Tree: intense pattern, set against a backround of gothic architecture
- abraham is wearing a particular hat
- St. Louis is holding the book of pslams
- Abraham is serving a meal when he hears news that he is having a whild
- fortels the sacred meal that takes place inside the gothic structure
- Abraham is wearing a particular hat: hat of the Jew, people are looking at it with admiration
40
Q
A
Ecclesia and Synagoga
- west facade of Notre Dame
- Paris
- 1200
- Gothic Scuplture
- on the door of the Notre Dame
- Female figures
- One on the left resembles Mary (Ecclesia): holds the chalice of the church, stands in a position of power, holds a money bad, wears a crown
- One on the right (Synagoga): holds the tablets of the law, crown has fallen, staff broken, snakes blind her eyes
- The new chosen people are no longer with the Jews-now with the church
