Test 2 Flashcards by Morgan Testa

The Temple of Herod

jerusalem
jewish art
architecture
19 BCE-70 CE
Used to be the temple of Soloman: believe to hold the Ark of the Covenant in the Holy of Holies room
Temple represents hierophany (appearance of the divine in the human realm)
Enter through double gates
Mikvah ritual baths:prepare to enter holy place–can enter if: state of purity and jewish
4 Court yards-Court of: Gentiles, Women, Israelites, Priests (Separated by sacrality, gender, hierarchy)
Alter is a sacrificial piece of furniture: Jews offered blood of animals; blood=life of animal, blood is reserved for Divine Realm (humans cannot eat blood)
High Priest can enter the area of God behind the veil on Yom Kippur (YHWH-4 letter unspeakable name of God)

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Dura Europos Synagogue

Dura Europos
Syria
256
Architecture
Jewish Art
First evidence of biblical art
first synagogue
Torah shrine-a place where the torah is kept
Fresco al secco technique-fresco technique
along the Eurphrades River

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Moses and the Burning Bush

Dura Europos
Syria
256
tempera on plaster painting
jewish art
Taking his shoes off
Contrapposto stance, wearing a toga, in an orator pose (looks like a Roman citizen)
Bush has tints of read to show the burning
Hand of God in upper left corner-a meraphor to show the strendth and presence of God (Hierophany)
First image of what Jews looked like-hair style, beard
Domus ecclesiae-house of congregation, house of church, baptistery

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Dura Europos Christian Baptistery

Dura Europos
Syria
256
Architecture
Early Christian
Built structure with a baptismal area
Reminence of fresco painting-women approaching a tomb structure (walking to a place where rebirth would occur)

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Old St. Peter’s Basilica

Rome
c. 333
Architecture
Early Christian
Constantine ordered to have this built-believed to be the place where St. Peter was buried-God’s presence is associated with God’s martyrs
Evidence of the first basilica
Nave-long congregational area
side aisles
Apse-area where the most activity took place
Made of timber

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Santa Sabina

Rome
423-32
Architecture
Early Christian
Church of the Dominicans
Has: nave, side aisles, apse, timber room, windows, columns to separate aisles and hold the nave arcade, alter in the apse (surrounded by small balustrades)
Spandrels-icons at the top of the columns telling us what the space is about
This place of the alter is called “Holy of Holies”
It is God on the alter

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Sacrophagus of Junius Bassus

marble sculpture
Rome
359 CE
early christian
Coffin of Junius Bassus
Decorative narrative on the coffin
Jesus flanked by apostles Peter and Paul
Jesus’s appearance: young, beardless, looks like a philosopher, holds a scroll, sits on a throne, has a stool (resting his feet on the heavens-the god Calus)
Elements of it taken from ancient greco roman tradition: columns, arches, togas, biblical images
typology: Christian beliefs coming from the old testament

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Good Shepherd

Galla Placidia
Ravenna, Italy
mosaic
c. 425-426
early christian
associations of loving, caring, protectiveness, strength
theme of shepherd watching over sheep/carrying sheep became powerful/positive image
makes God’s love understandable to listeners
Jesus portrayed as an emperor
his imperial majesty is signaled by the Golden halo surrounding his head-shows the triumph of Christianity

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Church of San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy
c. 547
architecture
byzantine art
Dedicated as a martyrium for St. Vitale
centrally planned structure (point in the middle and radiates space)
plain exterior, highly decorated exterior
double story
octagonal shape
interior decorated with colorful mosaics, patterened marble
there is a sanctuary

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Sacrifice of Isaac

church of san vitale
c. 547
mosaics
byzantine art
Angels are shouting about Isaacs birth and Sarah hears it
Abraham is offering the angels a meal
Hierophany-hand of God is breaking through to stop the action of the sacrifice
Mosaic-made of cut stone and glass imbedded in cement
Typological study of a pre-figuration of Jesus being sacrificed
The table and the alter pre-figure the signighcance of the offering that is happening on the apse

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Justinian and his Retinue

Church of san vitale
c. 547
mosaics
Byzantine art
Halo/nimbus above Justinian shows his blessed status
He is surrounded by relgious figures
His crown signifies that he’s an emperor
Army behind him-importance of state and religion (Religion and military marriage can be seen on the shield)
He is holding the eucharist-associates himself with the body of Christ

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Theodora and her Attendants

Church of san vitale
c. 547
mosaics
byzantine art
She has a halo and a crown
She holds the chalice to signify the blood of Christ (wearing purple robe with iconography of 3 kings with gifts)
Surrounded by her people
Construction of Theodora’s space is specialized: Fountain,doorway with the veil-supposed to envision her in aother place in the church
relationship between the women and sacred: exclusion of women in religion

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Hagia Sophia

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
Constantinople (Istanbul)
537
architecture
Byzantine Art
Sophia means windom: “Church of Holy Wisdom”
embodies both imperial power and Christian glory
Brings Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus to design the church: 2 scientistis
Round dome of power on a square base of a church
Pendentive-bridge that makes it possible to put the circle (Dome) on top of a square: connects the base of the dome to the supporting piers
4 huge arches
“Soloman, I have surpassed you!”-Justinian (He now has a temple for God as well)

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Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints and Angels

icon in monastery of St. Catherine
Mt. Sinai
6th century
encaustic on wood panel painting, byzantine art
Hand of God is coming down-Hierophany
Surrounded by saints
Hierarchy-most important people are seated in the middle
Mary sits on throne-“Seat of Wisdom”-she is a throne for baby Jesus, Theotokos-the God carrier
Painted on wood with encaustic technique (use of melted bees wax)
incited a great deal of anger from viewers: people performed proskynesis (kneeling down and praying in front of image), People tried to touch it for healing powers (thought inage was a vehicle for the hierophany that the image contained), blurred lines between pagan idolatry/christian worship
iconoclastic controversy-Pope Leo III sets out to rid Christian empire of images

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Crucifixion and Iconoclasts

Chludow psalter
mid 9th c.
illuminated manuscript
byzantine art
association with people against Christ with iconoclast
made after iconoclastic controversy
writing: Christ is in the upper corner
Augustus said that art lies and leads people astray by imagery

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Christ Pantocrator

from Hagia Sophia Deesis panel
1261
mosaics
byzantine art
Jesus in the center: Halo (nimbus), cross in hard, powerful gesture to bless or condemn because he’s the judge, Pantocrator image (Christ ruler of all things)
Holds new testament in his hands
Has a small beard w/ serious expression
God, the divine, took on carnal flesh

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Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem
commissioned by Abd el-Malik
692
Architecture
islamic art
A shrine to the rock: the rock is the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven
octagonal in spape, dome on top
two aisles circular going to center
interior is covered with Byzantine mosaics
Giant rock in center of this structure-dome overtop of it
Arabesque style-organi motic that has been stylized and simple forms that are repeating
Exterior-use of geometry (rectangles, triangles, hexagons, diamonds, calligraphy)

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Great Mosque of Cordoba

Spain
785-965
Architecture
Islamic Art
Sacred direction towards Mecca-Quiblah
Composed of rows that point towards Mecca
empty shrine shows that this is the sacred direction towards Mihrab
Horse shoe shaped arches
elaborated ceiling with geometric shape, calligraphy, scrolling organic motifs (arabesque style)

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Shoulder Clasp (from Sutton Hoo)

Gold
colisonnne
millefiori glass
7th-8th centuries
Anglo-Saxon Art
very small and precious
made of fine materials-gold
Gold treated in ways so the luminosity of the gold can be seen, golden threads worked into decorative patterns (filigree), Cloisonne technique (woven into cavities [cloisons] where precious gems and molten glass (milleflori) are placed
many geometric shapes
some sort of reptilian creature biting its tale (animal struggle depicts human struggle at the time)

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Purse Lid (from Sutton Hoo)

wale-bone ivory
gold
cloisonne
millefiori glass
625-33
Anglo-Saxon Art
was attached to a leather bag
whale bone ivory used to create the “canvas”
iconography-human figure attacked on two sides by ferocious animas (perhaps bear), hawk grasping duck with talons-reflecting struggle to survive
bilateral symmetry

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Belt Buckle (from Sutton Hoo)

gold with black iello inlay
625-33
Anglo-Saxon Art
Reptilian animal depicted
surface area covered with interlacing motifs-creates a movement like feel, knotted interlacing motifs (niello): silver, copper, lead

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Book of Durrow

St. Matthew
Carpet Page
illuminated manuscript on vellum
after 650
hiberno-saxon art
Carpet page-little text, mostly artistic elements, woven texiles
use of red, yellow, back, green help tie the composition together
st. Matthew: simple face, face to front, feet to the side, no arms or actual body (no attention to the human form), Cloisonne pattern
Written on animal skin: Vellum (calf skin), soaked and stretched on a frame, fur and fat scrapped off, volcanic stone used to smooth out and make it easier to write on

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Chi-Rho Page

Matthew’s Gospel
Book of Kells
vellum
8th-9th century
Hiberno-saxon art
patterning
main iconography: twisted cross with diamond in the middle, can see the first 3 letters of Christ’s name
a winged man: evangelical symbol of Matthew
patterns look like filigree
animals fighting over the Eucharist
Word “generacio” at bottom of pg-book of matthew begins with family tree that dates back to the house of david

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Palatine Chapel

Odo of Metz
Palatine Chapel
Aachen
792-805
Carolingian Architecture
woks with Odo de Metz to incorporate roman aspects into palace
octagon shape
square apse protrudes at multiple levels
builds it on the roman arch
uses corinthian columns within the structures as merely decorative to reference ancient roman history
Golden mosaics in the ceiling above his throne-Jesus in the heavens ruling and facing Charlemagne

**Coronation Gospels** * **Matthew the Evangelist** * **illuminated manuscript** * **ink and colors on vellum** * **first quarter of the 9th c.** * **carolingian art** * Gold and purple associate it with his crown * St. Matthew: writing the gospel, looks very much like a roman philosopher (wears toga, sitting on chair with a footstool for his feet, writing with ink), halo * naturalis,-much more based in nature

**Ebbo Gospels** * **Matthew the evangelist** * **illuminated manuscript** * **ink and colors on vellum** * **second quarter of 9th c** * **carolingian art** * St. Matthew: winged figure spilling out words into the horns that holds Matthews inl while he is writing the Gospel, facial expression-he looks worried or possessed, hair is very much like a drapery-moving at its very own pace * structures in the backround * footstool is moving in a diffrent direction than the coronation gospel * draperu on the toga has taken on its own life-like a whirling tornado * medieval sensibility around expessive art that turns it back on the classical foundations

**Bronze Doors of St. Michael's of Hildesheim** * **Bishop Bernward** * **bronze** * **1015** * **Ottonian art** * Lost wax process-molten bronze in used to be poured into a mold that is originally carved in wax * 8 panels: ex. one panel-adam committing sin (narrative of fall of humanity): adam and eve crouching down, adam pointing at eve and the serpent, God is asking them what they have done * no contrapposto pose in any of these panels-evidence of turning away from classical art * typological order: each panel on the left prefigures something on the right

**Gero Crucifix** * **painted and gilded wood scuplture** * **970** * **Ottonian Art** * First time Jesus appears as a corpse hanging on the cross * INRI-"Iesvs Nazarenvs Rex Ivdaeorvm"-Jesus of Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum * Exaggeration of features * Distortion of body for an emotional reaction * Cross behind head: can open to place crucifix in it

**St. Sernin** * **Toulouse, France** * **1080-1120** * **Romanesque architecture** * church-not a cathedral: has a throne of Bishop * Romanesque architecture * ambulatory around the periphery: an aisle that times the border of the inside of the church to help with the traffic * radiating chapels or apsidioles-built to hold more relics * Change in materials-stone work: helped carry sound (gregorian chating), can no longer use delicate columns to hold up roof, must use the barrel vault, groin, or cross vaulting * very mathematical building * compound order * colossal order

**Last Judgement** * **Gislebertus** * **Saint-Lazare Cathedral** * **Autun, France** * **1120-45** * **relief Sculpture** * **Romanesque Art** * Door becomes a threshold: post and lintel doorway with romanesque arch, space mirrors pilgrimage, journey, and passage; doorway allows sacred and secular to mix * Tympanum-semicircular shape where sculpture is * Looks very crowded with a number of figures, but register lines create on order to it * Giant figure of Christ in the center-hierarchy of scale, halo wraps around his body * To the right: those who are saved-these people brought up from the tombs by angels and are hoisted up into the next realm (city of God) * To the left: those who are damned-claws pulling people out of grave; sins shown-serpents biting people; lifted into a realm where angel and demon weigh the souls (insect figures pulling down in the souls); figures given to hell and are condemned * linear technique * signature front and center of art: "Gislebertus hoc fecit"-Gislebertus Made this

**Eve** * **Gislebertus** * **Saint-Lazare Cathedral** * **Autun, France** * **1120-25** * **relief sculpture** * **Romanesque art** * She is whispering across to Adam * Plucks the fruit from the tree * She is slithering * Linear technique-lines, hair, and expression in face emphasize her humanity * church is dedicated to Mary

**Triumph of Maria Ecclesia** * **Santa Maria in Trastevere** * **Rome** * **mosaics** * **1130-43** * **Romanesque art** * Christ sitting on a throne with Mary * Linearity of Jesus shown from top to bottom- jesus's initials at top to lambs at the bottom * Mary looks like Theodora sitting on an elaborate throne: crown and robe with jewels * Jesus holds liturgical texts * Mary holds an ancient scroll-bridge between Jews and Christians, old and new testaments * This image of Christ is used to elevate Mary and show how she is the symbol of the Church-Christ marries the church

**Self-Portrait** * **Guda** * **from Book of Homilies** * **illuminated manuscript** * **12th century** * **Romanesque art** * image of a woman by a woman * first european self portrait signed by a woman * completely engulfs herself on the sacred space by being in the sacred text * wears a nuns outfit * Guda tells us she is a sinner * She is a writer and a painter-her hand shows creativity and how she is the artist of this work

**Bayeux Embroidery** * **wool embroidery on linen** * **Bayeux, France** * **1066-82** * **Romanesque Art** * by an anglo-saxon woman * very large * shows detail how embroideries were made: prallel lines and cross stitches with borders to keep it in place; secular scene of the Norman conquest that took place in england; gives a look into medieval living

**Basilica of St. Denis** * **near Paris** * **c. 1140** * **Gothic** * **Architecture** * Kings and Queens of France are buried * spiritualized architecture-light building material * in it there are manuscripts called The Celestial Hiererchy * Apse: more integrated and into the ambulatory, radiating chapels have beenbrought into the area as well, creates a much more networking and unified area * Abbot Suger: "Opus novum"-new work, not Gothic * Pointed arch: adds more height to arch (can make different heights), aesthetic quality, creates an upward motion-points to the heavens * Ribbed Vaulting: middle area of arch where seems are created, bands that help her support arch, articulate the areas where bricks will be filled in, direct the weight and thrust of the heavy ceiling into specific places

**Notre Dame** * **Paris** * **1163-1250** * **Gothic** * **Architecture** * Dedicated to Mary * Uses pointed arches, ribbed vault, and flying buttresses * flying buttresses: creates an equlibrium, takes the pressure off windows, * clear story: very fragile glass that cannot hold up the ceiling

**Tree of Jesse** * **Chartres Cathedral** * **stained glass** * **12th c** * **Gothic art** * Stain glass: melt silica into molten substance, color and pour into molds, fired in kiln, painted the pieces, placed in led panels * Led panels hold pieces together and are flexible-allows the glass to move with the wind and adjust with the building * figure is reclining: Jesse=King David's father; tree trunk coming out of groin=family tree and line of heritage all the way to mary and Jesus

**Sainte-Chapelle** * **Paris** * **Patron Louis IX** * **1243-48** * **Architecture** * **Gothic (Rayonant)** * Build the chapel to look like a reliquary box * rayonant-radiating forms from tracery in the windows * called The Basket of Glass-walls are almost completely made of glass

**Abraham and the Three Angels** * **St. Louis Psalter** * **illuminated manuscript on parchment** * **1253-70** * **Gothic (Rayonant)** * Tree: intense pattern, set against a backround of gothic architecture * abraham is wearing a particular hat * St. Louis is holding the book of pslams * Abraham is serving a meal when he hears news that he is having a whild * fortels the sacred meal that takes place inside the gothic structure * Abraham is wearing a particular hat: hat of the Jew, people are looking at it with admiration

**Ecclesia and Synagoga** * **west facade of Notre Dame** * **Paris** * **1200** * **Gothic Scuplture** * on the door of the Notre Dame * Female figures * One on the left resembles Mary (Ecclesia): holds the chalice of the church, stands in a position of power, holds a money bad, wears a crown * One on the right (Synagoga): holds the tablets of the law, crown has fallen, staff broken, snakes blind her eyes * The new chosen people are no longer with the Jews-now with the church

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