Test 2

Question 1

Andreas Vesalius, founder of modern anatomy

Answer 1

Corrected over 200 errors of Galen and other ancient anatomists in his treatise De humani corporis fabrica(The fabric of the human body) appeared in 1543. This revolutionary book is considered the first anatomical work based on direct observation of the dissected human body. In fact Vesalius rediscovered the original writings of Hippocrates and Galen

Question 2

Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist

Answer 2

First identification of the oviducts and the lacrimal ducts

Question 3

Bartolomeo Eustachii, famous Italian anatomist

Answer 3

Rediscovered and correctly described the channel connecting the middle ear with pharynx (auditory tube) he was the first to identify adrenal glands

Question 4

Gaspare Asselli, professor at university of Pavia

Answer 4

first physician to describe the lymphatic vessels

Question 5

Raymond Vieussens, French anatomist

Answer 5

professor at the university of Monpellier, author of the Pioneer works in the field of cardiology

Question 6

Niels Stensen, Danish anatomist

Answer 6

discoverer of the ovaries and excretory ducts in the parotid glands

Question 7

Thomas Wharton, famous English physician and anatomist at the university of Cambridge

Answer 7

first descriptions of the submandibular duct, thyroid gland and the gelatinous connective tissue (Wharton”s gelly) of the umbilical cord

Question 8

Thomas Willis, English anatomist and professor at university of Oxford

Answer 8

discoverer of the brain vasculature (arterial circle of Willis) he was the first to number 12 cranial nerves

Question 9

Giovanni Domenico Santorini, Italian anatomist, professor at University of Venice

Answer 9

discoverer of the accessory duct of the pancreas (Santorini’s duct)

Question 10

Regnier De Graaf, dutch anatomist

Answer 10

first to describe the development of the ovarian follicles

Question 11

Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist, professor of university of Padua

Answer 11

father of pathological anatomy, author of De sedibus et causis morborum ( on the seat and cause of disease) published in 1761

Question 12

Antonio Scarpa, professor of university of Pavia

Answer 12

an Italian discoverer of the cardinal innervation, the first anatomist to perceive the fluid inside the inner ear(endolymph) and to describe the aneurism. A valuable contribution to ophthalmology (father of Italian ophthalmology)

Question 13

John Hunter, Scottish surgeon

Answer 13

the first study of human teeth, an understanding the nature of digestion, a proof that the maternal and foetal blood supplies are separate

Question 14

William Hunter, elder brother of John Hunter, famous anatomist and obstetrician of his day

Answer 14

His treatice Anatomia uteri umani gravidi(The anatomy of the human gravid uterus) contains very modern and detailed images of the foetal development

Question 15

Felix Vicq-d’Azir, French anatomist

Answer 15

interesting studies on the microstructure of the cerebral cortex

Question 16

Charles Bell, French anatomist and physiologist

Answer 16

author of the first detailed studies of the brain

Question 17

Jules Cloquet, french anatomist and histologist

Answer 17

discoverer of the remnant of the embryonic hyaloid artery inside the eyeball(Cloquet’s canal)

Question 18

Karl von Rokitansky, a Bohemian physician and pathologist

Answer 18

founder of modern scientifically-oriented medical team called Second Vienna School 1830. The members of the group. eg. Josef Hyrti, Josef Skoda, Ferdinand von Hebra had a great contribution to the development of experimental pathology and discovered plenty of diseases. However, they were not interested in the therapy and patient care (therapeutic nihilism)

Question 19

Zacharias Jansen, a dutch spectacle maker

Answer 19

probably invented the first truly compound microscope

Question 20

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, famous dutch scientist from Delft

Answer 20

commonly known as the father of microbiology. He was the first to perceive bacteria, spermatozoa and capillaries using his handcrafted microscopes

Question 21

Marcello Malpighi, a great italian anatomist

Answer 21

professor at university of Bolonia and also physician to pope innocent xii is regarded as the founder of histology, discoverer of the renal corpuscles in the kidney and taste buds of the tongue

Question 22

Robert Hooke, english scientist from Oxford

Answer 22

His book Micrographia 1665 contains a lot of unique microscopic observations. He coined the term cell for describing biological organisms

Question 23

Jab Evangelista Purkyne, Czech scientist, one of the greatest histologists and physiologists in history of medicine

Answer 23

discovered the conducting system of the heart(Purkyne fibres) the ganglionar cells in the cerebellum( purkyne cells) and sweat glands, he was the first to use a microtome to make histological specimens and made a theoretical basis of dactyloscopy (a valuable technique in the forensic investigations )

Question 24

Santiago Ramon y Cajal, famous Spanish histologist, a nobel prize laureate 1906, greatest neuroscientists of all time

Answer 24

performed the pioneering investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain and discovered almost all types of neurons

Question 25

Camillo Golgi, Italian neuroanatomist, physician and pathologist

Answer 25

nobel peace prize laureate(together with Cajal 1906) he invented the silver impregnation of nervous tissue to visualize the new forms of nerve cells and fibres

Question 26

Paul Langerhans, a German histologist

Answer 26

discoverer of the endocrine part pf the pancreas(islets of Langerhans) and the macrophages in the epidermis(skin)

Question 27

Rudolf Virchow(german anatomist and pathologist)

Answer 27

discovere of the cancer cells, author of the epigram omnis cellula e cellula(every cell always originates from another one)-the fundamental statement of the cell theory

Question 28

Leopold Auerbach(german histologist)

Answer 28

the first to identify the innervation of the intestines

Question 29

Michel Servete (Servetus)

Answer 29

a Spanish scientist, the first physician to describe the pulmonary circulation

Question 30

William Harvey

Answer 30

an English physiologist, professor at the University of Cambridge, one of the greatest scientists of all time, on the ages of his revolutionary treatise De motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus (On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals), edited in 1628, he published the first complete and correct theory of the blood circulation.