Test 1

Question 1

Describe Hippocrates - the father of medicine and the famous author of the ethical framework of antiquity (Hippocraic Oath)- and his theories

Answer 1

Dietetics- as the basis of healing. Expectative therapy (watchful waiting) more valuable than active intervention; primum non nocere – at least do harm. Health as the result of the balance of the four humours; blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile and their four qualities – hot, cold, most and dry. Temperaments are associated with a relative abundance of each humour; sanguine (blood), phlegmatic(phlegm), choleric (yellow bile) and melancholic (black bile). The fundamental role of a crisis and critical days during the course of diseases.

Question 2

Egyptian medicine

Answer 2

An art of mumification. Two classes of this procedure:

_First class_ - brain and intestines were removed, the body cavities were washed with palm wine and aromatics
and then were filled with spices and finally the body was kept in Na2CO3 (natron) for 70 days.
_Second class_(more economical course) – injection of cedar oil into the abdominal cavity
and washing in natron.

Question 3

Skepticism of professional physicians in the Roman Empire.

Answer 3

Cato the Elder – denounced Greek physicians in Rome as the worst enemies and accused them of poisoning their patients.

Question 4

What did Marcus Terentius Varro suggest about swampy places?

Answer 4

suggested that swampy places might be inhabited by extremely
minute animals that could enter the human body through the mouth, nose and eyes and cause serious illnesses.

Question 5

What are some remedies suggested by Pliny the Elder - the author of the encyclopaedia of antiquity Natural History

Answer 5

Some remedies suggested by Pliny: wound dressings made of wine, vinegar, eggs, honey and powdered earthworms, pig dung in the treatment of parasites, ephedron for asthma and cough.

Question 6

Dioscorides and his work

Answer 6

And his work De materia medica (The Materials of Medicine), one of the first Western herbals (books about medicinal plants).

Question 7

Aulus Cornelius Celsus introduced the first description of the 4 cardinal signs of inflmmation. Which are they?

Answer 7

First description of the four cardinal signs of inflammation; calor,
rubor, dolor and tumor (heat, redness, pain and swelling).

Question 8

Describe Galen

Answer 8

Gave a good description of the heart, according to him the humours were created when nutriments were altered by the innate heat that was produced in this organ. Galen was also
famous for his knowledge of medicinal herbs, poisons and antidotes.

Question 9

Tertulian

Answer 9

Theologian and philosopher claimed that all sickness was the consequence of sin, therefore all medical knowledge as well as a therapy should be refused.

Question 10

Miraculous cures during the Middle Ages

Answer 10

The touch of King Edward the Confessor was said to cure woman infertility, blood of Saint Thomas of Canterbury cured blindness, insanity and leprosy. Saints Cosmas and Damian were performed the first holy transplantation.

Question 11

Mundino dei Liuzzi

Answer 11

Was the first anatomist to perform systematic dissections of the human body (in Bolonia, about 1300), author of the treatise Anatomia Mundini.

Question 12

Erasistratus

Answer 12

Ancient physician, discovered the trachea, described the liver, bile ducts and heart valves.

Question 13

Herophilus

Answer 13

Greek anatomist, the first to describe the duodenum, brain ventricles, eye and the optic nerve.

Question 14

Alkmaeon of Crotonan - ancient Greek anatomist

Answer 14

First identification of arteries and veins. He thought that the sperm is produced within the brain.

Question 15

Jacoba Felicie (Jaqueline) from Paris

Answer 15

Probably the first woman practitioner, she visited the
sick, examined their pulse, urine, bodies and limbs, prescribed drugs.

Question 16

Describe Trotula

Answer 16

Taught, wrote and practiced medicine during the 12-century at the University of Salerno. Her work includes discussions of gynaecology, obstetrix, cosmetics, it also provides
advice about hygiene, menstruation, and infertility.

Question 17

Saint Walpurga

Answer 17

English princess who studied medicine and founded a convent in Germany.

Question 18

Hildegard of Bingen

Answer 18

German abbess of Benedictine convent, one of the greatest medieval writers on medical questions. Her treatise The Book of Simple Medicine is the first book by a female author to discuss the therapeutic virtues of plants, animals, metals and also includes traditional medical lore concerning the medical uses or toxic properties of many herbs, trees, reptiles, fishes, minerals and gems. Second important text Causes and Cures discusses the
nature, causes and treatment of disease and astrology.

Question 19

Henri de Mondeville

Answer 19

French surgeon, author of a major medieval treatise on surgery and his outstanding student Guy the Chauliac, eminent physician, author of the book (about 1363) on surgery that was still in use in the 18-century.

Question 20

Theodoric of Lucca

Answer 20

Italian surgeon rejected the idea that the formation of pus was a natural and necessary stage in the healing of wounds, he also objected to the use of noxious wound dressings.

Question 21

Roger Frugard

Answer 21

Was the first to describe the surgical methods of wound closure, skull trephination and litothomy (in his book Surgery, written about 1180 in Parma).

Question 22

Universities in Europe during middle ages

Answer 22

The establishment of universities in the European Middle Ages: University of Bologna (Italy) 1088 (the oldest in the World), University of Paris (France) 1090, University of Montpellier
(France) 1150, University of Cambridge (Great Britain) 1209, University of Salamanca (Spain) 1218, University of Cracow (Poland) 1364 .

Question 23

Isidore, Bishop of Seville

Answer 23

Medicine is the art of protecting, preserving and restoring
health to the body by means of diet, hygiene and treatment of the wounds…”, according to him medicine is a “second philosophy” which cures the body, the “first philosophy” cures the
soul.

Question 24

Saint were associated with particular disease

Answer 24

• *Saint Apollonia** – toothache and dentistry,
• *Saint Lucy** - eye disorders, Saint Margaret - pregnancy and gynaecology,

Saint Anastasia -headache,

Saint Aldegunda – cancer, Saint Sebastian - pestilential disease,

Saint George -skin diseases,

Saint Hillary from Poitiers - rabies

Saint Valentine - mental disorders.