Test 2

Question 1

What was the most important moment in human history according to Dr. Sharpless?

Answer 1

The Columbian discovery

Question 2

How did the Columbian discovery change the world?

Answer 2

Biological exchanges in foods and diseases

Question 3

Mower proposed a two-factor theory to explain avoidance without cognitive concepts. These two stages were: A. Classical conditioning and response to terminate fear B. Operant conditioning and extinction

Answer 3

A. Fear is classically conditioned to the environmental conditions preceding an aversive event. And cues evoke fear – an instrumental response occurs to terminate the fear.

Question 4

True or False: Positive reinforcement increases a behavior by giving rewards.

Answer 4

True: positive reinforcement involves increasing a behavior by administering a reward.

Question 5

True or False: Punishment is designed to extinguish a behavior and is only effective when administering an aversive stimulus when a bad behavior is performed.

Answer 5

False: Punishment decreases a behavior not only by administering an aversive stimulus following the unwanted behavior, but also by removing a positive stimulus.

Question 6

Negative reinforcement is: A. Increasing behavior by removing aversive stimulus when behavior occurs B. Decreasing a behavior by increasing positive stimuli when behavior occurs C. Decreasing behavior by removing aversive stimulus

Answer 6

A. negative reinforcement increases a behavior by removing aversive stimuli when a behavior occurs

Question 7

True or False: In two-stage avoidance learning, you are avoiding an event

Answer 7

False: In two-stage avoidance learning, you are not actually avoiding an event, but rather, you are escaping from a feared object (environmental cue)

Question 8

True or False: According to Dr. Sharpless, extinction is a myth.

Answer 8

True.

Question 9

What is the best schedule of reinforcement? A. Fixed interval B. Variable interval C. Fixed Ratio D. Variable ratio

Answer 9

D. Variable ratio, where the reinforcement delivery is variable but based on an overall average number of responses.

Question 10

Which of the following limit the effects of punishment? A. doesn’t teach appropriate behaviors B. Has to be delivered right away C. May have negative side effects D. Can create negative emotions E. All of the above F. None of the above

Answer 10

e. All of the above. Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviors, it must be delivered immediately and consistently. It can result in negative side effects The undesirable behaviors may be learned through modeling. It may create negative emotions when punishments are removed.

Question 11

What was a goal of Skinner? A. Connect the cognitive to behaviors of an organism B. Establish a functional relationship between stimulus and response C. Discover the unseen cognitions underlying behaviors D. Prove Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory

Answer 11

B. Skinner only dealt with observable behaviors and his goal was to establish functional relationships between the experimenter-controlled stimulus and organism’s response. He believed in the “empty organism” approach so no presumptions about internal entities.

Question 12

What is the Law of Acquisition?

Answer 12

The key variable is reinforcement, and states that practice provides opportunities for additional reinforcement

Question 13

1 session treatment of specific phobias was developed by who? A. B.F. Skinner B. Ivan Pavlov C. John Watson D. Lars Ost

Answer 13

D. Lars Ost

Question 14

1 session treatment of phobias consists of ____ steps.

Answer 14

4

Question 15

True or False: Albert Ellis is the founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

True or False: Ellis trained as a cognitive psychologist

Answer 16

False, Ellis was a trained psychoanalyst

Question 17

Ellis had explicit links to what philosophical theory? A. Skepticism B. Neoplatonism C. Sensationalism D. Stoicism

Answer 17

D. Ellis had explicit links to stoicism thinking that beliefs, not events cause disturbances which echoed the sentiments of Epictetus.

Question 18

True or False: Ellis would say that we need to be rational

Answer 18

True.

Question 19

Ellis believed that if you had what that you would be more likely to be happy? A. good rationality B. cognitive flexibility C. good beliefs D. all of the above E. none of the above

Answer 19

D. Ellis thought that if you have good rationality, cognitive flexibility, and good beliefs that you will be more likely to be happy.

Question 20

What are the three principles of REBT?

Answer 20

1. All things have clear cut antecedents. 2. The individual is continually re-indoctrinating himself with these ideologies. 3. Even when he sees these insights, only by continually re-evaluating these things will he get better

Question 21

What kind of theory did Freud not create? A. human motivation B. personality development C. neurobiology D. psychopathology E. none of the above

Answer 21

He did not create a neurobiology theory; however his work contributed to neurobiology

Question 22

Of whom was is it said, “He is no longer a person, but a perspective.” A. Rogers B. Pavlov C. Freud D. Piaget

Answer 22

C. Freud is thought of, by some, as a perspective.

Question 23

Freud echoed who when he said that we have a tripartite self? A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Stoics D. Kant

Answer 23

B. Plato believed that we had a tripartite self which Freud adopted

Question 24

True or False: Freud believed that we are not rational beings

Answer 24

True. Freud echoed Hobbes believing that we are not rational beings and that reason is a weak part of our nature.

Question 25

True or False: Psychoanalysis attempts to increase freedom by enlarging the consciousness to gain some level of control.

Answer 25

True, psychoanalysis was an attempt to enlarge consciousness, gain some control, and increase freedom

Question 26

Freud abandoned the seduction theory because: A. It was not well received B. He wanted to focus on other external realities C. He determined it wasn’t realistic to believe that many people were sexually abused D. All of the above E. None of the above

Answer 26

C. Freud began to realize that it was not realistic and/or possible for so many people to have actually been sexually abused

Question 27

Freud created the topographical model. How many parts of the mind did it outline? A. one B. two C. three D. It did not outline different parts of the mind, rather it was about reality

Answer 27

C. the Freduian topographical model outlined three parts of the mind: the conscious (Cs), the preconscious (Pcs), and the Unconscious (Ucs)

Question 28

Match These

Answer 28

Question 29

Match These:

Answer 29

Question 30

What is the unconscious according to Freud?

A. Superego

B. Ego

C. Id

D. none of the above

Answer 30

C. the unconscious is the id

Question 31

The concept of unconscious affective processes is a fundamental psychoanalytic principle that means what?

A. people can feel things without knowing they feel them

B. people can act on feelings regardless of the feelings being in conscious awareness or not

C. feelings are not rational

D. A & B

E. A & C

Answer 31

D. A & B

The concept of unconscious affective processes is a fundamental psychoanalytic principle that means people can feel things without knowing they feel them and that they can act on their feelings even if they are consciously unaware of the feelings.

Question 32

The unconscious consists of all but one of the following:

A. it is not logical

B. it is timeless

C. it might not agree with reality or social norms

D. it is associated with recent human development stages

Answer 32

D. The unconscious is associated with earlier NOT recent human development stages. It is associated with images, myth, and psychotic like images and flows

Question 33

Freud thought that the purpose of dreams was what?

A. There was no purpose for most dreams, but some can be interpreted

B. A chance to see wishes fulfilled

C. Protect sleep from being disturbed

D. B & C

E. A & B

Answer 33

D. B & C. The purpose of dreams is wish fulfillment and to protect sleep from being disturbed

Question 34

Match these

Answer 34

Question 35

Short answer: Define and give an example of parapraxes

Answer 35

Parapraxes are meaningful unconscious slips making them meaningful “forgetting.” It’s when you say or write something but are thinking/writing another. Many of the ones that we watched in class (remember that funny long youtube video) dealt with sexual kinds of themes. Because parapraxes are from the unconscious they come from the id which is a “cauldron full of seething excitations” and functions on the pleasure principle. The id is not governed by societal norms or requirements and thus parapraxes are not purposeful occurrances.

Question 36

What creates our psychic structure?

A. Drives and the effects of them (discharges, frustrations, and objects)

B. The tripartite self

C. Our preconscious

D. None of the above

Answer 36

A. Drives and their effects (discharge, frustration, objects), create our psychic structure, which is an organization of experience with a slow rate of change.

Question 37

There are two drives that Freud talks about: Eros and Thanatos. Drive theory is the key to understanding Freud’s work. He thought that a drive was what?

A. demand upon the mind for work

B. Concept on the frontier of the psychic and the somatic

C. An endogenous source of stimulation which impinges on the mind by virtue of the mind’s connection with the body.

D. All of the above

Answer 37

D. All of the above

Drives are demands upon the mind for work. Concept on the frontier of the psychic and the somatic. An endogenous source of stimulation which impinges on the mind by virtue of the mind’s connection with the body.

Question 38

What is the ultimate cause of all mental activity?

A. The unconscious

B. Feelings

C. Drives

D. None of the above

Answer 38

C. Drives are the ultimate causes of all mental activity. All higher psychical and cultural achievements derive from these more fundamental drives/motivations

Question 39

True or False: Drives have 4 components: Source, Aim, Impetus, and Object

Answer 39

True, Drives have 4 components.

Source: biology and evolutionary history

Aim: discharge/tension reduction

Impetus: strength of need to discharge

Object: what the drive is focused on (this is variable)

Question 40

What are two ways which drives can be discharged?

Answer 40

Sublimation (channeling drive energies into more socially acceptable actions)

Displacement (redirecting drive energies to more acceptable parties)

Question 41

Primary process thinking was identified from parapraxes and arises from the unconscious. As such primary process thinking:

a. tends toward immediate gratification
b. is amoral
c. concrete, visual
d. paradoxical
e. represented by allusion, analogy, or object parts
f. all of the above

Answer 41

Primary process thinking

tends toward immediate gratification, amoral, non-temporal, non-causal, concrete, visual, absence of negatives, conditionals, or other qualifiers, opposites and contradictions may coexist, representation by allusion, analogy, or object parts

Question 42

Secondary process thinking arises from the conscious or preconscious, which means that it is all but which of the following:

a. rational
b. abstract
c. able to delay gratification
d. immoral

Answer 42

d. secondary process thinking is not immoral as it is influenced by the superego.

Secondary process thinking is rational, moral, logical, has a cause & effect, temporal, abstract, able to delay gratification, and verbal.

Question 43

What is the fundamental rule identified by Freud:

a. drives motivate us all
b. free association and honesty required in therapy
c. all people have a tripartite self
d. none of the above

Answer 43

b. Freud said that the fundamental rule for therapy was to be open and honest and allow free association to occur.

Question 44

What was the function of the couch in therapy?

a. encourage controlled regression
b. allow the therapist to be their most authentic self
c. distance the client from the therapist
d. foster independence in the client

Answer 44

a. the function of the couch within therapy was to encourage controlled regression in the patient.

Question 45

What is the concept of evenly hovering attention?

Answer 45

Freud looked at an arrangement of objects while his patients were free associating in order for him to delve into their unconscious

Question 46

Which is not a goal of psychoanalysis?

a. symptom reduction
b. better ability to love and work
c. freedom through recognition of determinism
d. insight into actions by focusing on unconscious

Answer 46

d. psychoanalysis is not designed to provide insight into ones actions by focusing on the unconscious.

The goals of psychoanalysis are:

symptom reduction

better ability to love and work

recognition and acceptance of strengths and limitation

character change

freedom through recognition of determinism

Question 47

True or false: Roger’s work lead to discussion of “common factors” and psychotherapy integration

Answer 47

True, Rogerian techniques are throught in many ways to be related to common factors such as good listening and attentiveness, mirroring the client’s body language, open ended questioning, accepting body language, and nonverbal encouragement.

Question 48

Rollo May’s theory was strongly influenced by what?

a. existentialism
b. stocisim
c. neoplationism
d. psychoanalysis

Answer 48

a. Rollo May was influenced by european existentialism (particularly by Kierkegaard and Heidegger)

Question 49

Who coined the term clarification?

a. Freud
b. Rogers
c. May
d. Perls

Answer 49

b. Rogers first coined the term clarification

Question 50

When did May believe that life becomes real?

a. at death
b. when we confront the possibility of nothingness
c. when we take risks
d. none of the above

Answer 50

b. life becomes real only when one confronts the possibility of nothingness

Question 51

Which types of guilt should you feel?

a. actual normal guilt
b. neurotic guilt
c. existential guilt
d. a & c
e. a & b

Answer 51

You should feel actual normal guilt and existential guilt (sinned against yourself)