Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What was magic originally created for?
A
To influence spirits
2
Q
Theory of mind is how we know b______, f________, p______, and b____________ intentions of others.
A
Beliefs, feelings, plans, and behavioral
3
Q
The early Greek religion, Olympian stated that the breath of the soul survives after death but without?
- the body
- personality traits
- knowledge of their path
A
Personality traits
4
Q
2 concepts of Dionysiac
A
1 - soul is originally divine and locked in the body as punishment for sin.
2- the soul wants to escape its contaminated existence.
5
Q
Who was the first philosopher???
- Thales
- Archemedes
- Xenopheneous
- Parmenides
A
Thales
6
Q
Who was the crazy wacked out dude who thought man babies originally came from a carrier fish?
- Zeno of Elea
- Democritus
- Anaximander
A
Anaxinander
7
Q
True or false: Heraclitus and Parmenides believed that you could follow the process of change to ultimately know something.
A
False. Heraclitus said that nothing ever “is”, it is always “becoming”. And Parmenides said that change is an illusion
8
Q
How did early Greeks believe that someone could obtain knowledge?
- sensation
- reason
- combination of sensations and rational thought
A
Reason. Sensory experience was thought to be an illusion.
9
Q
Empedocles said there were two causal powers in the universe?
A. Love and hate
B. Love and fear
C. Love and strife
A
C. Love and strife
10
Q
True or false: Democritus said that all things are made of atoms and that the behavior of atoms is lawful.
A
True
11
Q
What is materialism?
A
Belief that all things are an arrangement of atoms and thus no life force
12
Q
One level of explanation is an example of what? A- reductionism B- elementism C- the law of contiguity D- none of the above
A
A- reductionism
13
Q
Beginning with Hippocrates, holistic care began to play a role. Where were disorders thought to come from at that time?
A
All disorders were believed to arise from natural causes
14
Q
During the Sophist movement, the shift was made to epistemological questions. Now truth was considered _______?
- absolute
- relative
- unknowable
A
Relative. Truth depends on the perceived. All things are equally false
15
Q
Sophists believed that because truth was based on the receiver that accurate communication was?
A. Possible if you understood the other person’s beliefs
B. Impossible
C. Possible if you were raised in a similar way
D. None of the above
A
Georgia said that accurate communication between people is impossible
16
Q
"Know thyself" was whose famous line? A. Plato B. Socrates C. Aristotle D. Anonymous
A
B. Socrates
17
Q
True or false: Socrates believed that you could only truly know something if you knew its essence.
A
True
18
Q
What theory of knowledge fits the following: all knowledge is innate and can only be attained through introspection? A. Blank slate B. Reminiscence C. Essencism D. Nature
A
Reminiscence
19
Q
True or false: Aristotle believed that sensory experiences is necessary but not the only element in attaining knowledge.
A
True
20
Q
Who was the founder of Skepticism? A. Terrence of Nunia B. Pyrrho of Elis C. Zeno of Citium D. Alexander of Troy
A
B. Pyrrho of Elis
21
Q
According to Diogenes (Skepticism) Should social conventions or nature guide human behavior?
A
Nature
22
Q
Epicurus of Samos was thought of as a destroyer of religion because he preferred _________ explanations to _________ ones.
A
Natural, spiritual
23
Q
Romans differed from the Greeks in that their philosophers sought law and order and were more ________?
A
Pragmatic
24
Q
Stoicism is Greek or Roman in origin?
A
Roman
25
```
Stoicism is similar to what kind of therapy?
A. Psychodynamic/psychoanalysis
B. Learning theory
C. Cognitive-behavioral
D. Rogerian
```
C. CBT
26
Dualism believes that:
A. The mind and body are one entity
B. The mind is separate from the body
C. God is the mind, and we only have the body
B. The body and spirit are separate
27
What are two different diagnostic conditions that may look like possession?
Tourette's and epilepsy
28
True or false: Rationalism stresses induction
False, rationalism stresses deduction - sensation enter and that leads to certain conclusions.
29
Double aspectism means that:
A. The mind and body are inseparable
B. When the body dies the spirit leaves
C. There is no mind/spirit
A. The mind and body are inseparable
30
True or false: Spinoza believed that the closest that we can get to freedom is understanding the cause of our thoughts and behaviors. Thus, free will is fiction
True
31
Is passion reasonable according to a rationalist?
No. Spinoza state that passion reduces the probability of survival and that it is not reasonable.
32
Occasionalism says:
A. You can do all things because God acts as the mediator between the body and the mind
B. Sometimes your mind can interact with your body
C. At times we have free will
A. God is the mediator between mind and body
33
Some philosophers like Leibniz, a rationalist, believed that because God created the world, it can't be improved. True or false?
True
34
```
Kant believed:
A. All truth is relative
B. Some truths are certain
C. Truths only come from subjective experiences
D. Dude I don't wanna study this crap!
```
B. Some truths are certain and not just subjective experiences
35
Kant's belief in categories of thoughts make him a ______ psychologist.
Faculty
36
True or false: Kant believed that innate categories of thought organize all sensory experience
True
37
```
Kant's innate factors relate to which kind of therapy?
A. Psychoanalytic
B. Rogerian
C. Gestalt
D. Perceptual
```
C. Gestalt
38
Kant stressed that people have genetically determined brain structures or operations which was similar to Gibson's experiment on ______?
The visual cliff
39
```
Who said: I think, therefore I am?
A. Plato
B. Descartes
C. Kant
D. Hobbes
```
B. Descartes
40
Descartes was able to prompt the beginning of the study of animals in relation to humans based on his belief of a connection in the __________ of the brain which he thought were occupied with ________ spirits?
Ventricles, animal
41
According to Descartes, could people who are imperfect come up with perfect ideas?
No. Descartes belief in God caused him to believe that people are not perfect and therefore cannot create anything that is perfect
42
Who thought that the seat of the nonphysical mind was located in the pineal gland?
Descartes
43
```
Descartes's study of reflexive behavior and stimulus response was the foundation of what kind of psychology?
A. Learning
B. Cognitive
C. Behavior
D. None of the above
```
C. Behavior
44
Empiricism stresses experience as being central in attaining knowledge. Thus, sensory acquisition precedes knowledge.
True, to obtain knowledge, sensory data must FIRST be obtained
45
Physical monist is
A. Material mind
B. Mind is electrical
C. Mind is one with the body
A. Material mind which means that the individual is a dualist
46
Hobbes said that humans are just machines that consist of matter and motion.
True
47
Hobbes believed in what kind of morals?
Moral relativism - there is no true right or wrong for everyone
48
Psychotherapy rests on what kinds of propositions?
Basic (L1)
49
What are three reasons that we need to learn history according to lecture 1?
- APA requirement
- Covered on the EPPP
- Helps us understand the present
- Allows us to achieve a broader perspective on our field
- Teaches us to be humble and HOW to think
- Helps us to not repeat the past mistakes
- Helps us not fall for fads and trends
- Allows us to communicate with people from different fields
- promotes healthy skepticism and "can be fun" ha!
50
True or false: Popper was more interested in how science SHOULD work rather than how they DO work.
True
51
```
What two things does the fate of a theory rest in according to Popper?
A. Trust and fellowship with others
B. Critical review from others
C. Observation only
D. Observation and experiments
```
D. Observation and experiments
52
Can a universal rule be established from an incomplete set of particular instances?
No
53
How can we generalize about a finite number of observations and how can we presuppose that events in the future will occur as they have in the past are two aspects of what problem?
The problem of induction
54
How did Popper solve the problem of induction?
1. Deduction is the only logic
| 2. Theory of rationality - accept the boldest, unfalsified but potentially falsifiable theory
55
True or false: Popper believed that scientific discovery is a progress towards truth
False. Popper believed scientific discovery was not necessarily progress towards truth,but more like progress away from error
56
```
What would Popper say is the key to distinguishing between science and non-science?
A. Falsifiability
B. Testibility
C. Probability
D. Ability to experiment
```
A. Falsifiability distinguishes science from non-science. If it is falsifiable, then it is science. NON-science is unfalsifiable
57
Popper identified three criterion for scientific status of a study:
Falsifiable
Refutable
Testable
58
Kuhn was interested in science from a _____________ perspective
Historical
59
True or false: Kuhn believed that adhering to the status quo is to be expected and at some times even reasonable
True
60
Would Kuhn agree with the following statement: science, as presented in the linear, progressive manner found in textbooks accurately portrays the field?
No. Kuhn believed that paradigm shifts cause changes in science.
61
```
Kuhn identified which of the following as constituents of immature science?
A. Having a long and arduous path
B. No standard set of scientific methods
C. Based on metaphysical beliefs
D. Involving paradigms
E. A&D
F. B&C
G. A, B & D
```
F. B (no standard set of scientific methods) & C (based on metaphysical beliefs)
62
If you lack a paradigm all facts are likely to seem equally ________
Relevant
63
What does a lack of a paradigm make?
Fact gathering will be more chancy and potentially random in nature
64
What does a paradigm have to do?
A. Have all the facts
B. Provide all facts with equally irrelevant viewpoints
C. Be interesting
C. Be interesting and compelling
65
True or false: a goal of normal science is to produce major novelties
False, Kuhn stated that a goal of normal science is not to produce major novelties
66
In the video on facilitated communication, does Popper or Kuhn's theories of science fit better?
Kuhn. Had they been following Popper then they would have ensured that their theory was falsifiable, which they precluded that possibility
67
True or false: witch trials still occur today
True
68
```
How many witches do most historians think were killed in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries?
A. 12,000 - 50,000
B. 3,000 - 17,000
C. 50,000 - 9,000,000
D. None of the above
```
A. 12,000 - 50,000
69
A combination of factors led to witch hysteria. Which of the following was not a factor mentioned in the lecture?
A. Midwife failures
B. Hegemony of Christian beliefs
C. Increase in publications on how to become a witch
D. Limited understanding of mental illnesses
C. There were no publications at the time about how to become a witch but rather how to identify witches and eliminate their practices.
70
The Malleus Maleficarum was important because it listed the characteristics of who _________?
Witches
71
```
Which of the following was not a characteristic of individuals accused in Essex of witchcraft?
A. Promiscuous
B. Blasphemous
C. Loiterer
D. Old begger
```
C. Loiterer was not a characteristic.
72
True or false: spectral testimony was not allowed during the witch trials, but is regularly used today.
False. Spectral testimony is essentially heresay, and is not allowed in courts today
73
Sleep paralysis involves REM-based sleep and consists of paralysis and waking dreams with conscious activity. Were the spectral testimonies presented in the Salem Village Witch Trials consistent with the experience of sleep paralysis
Yes
74
What was one of the good things to come out of the McMartin Preschool case?
A. Decrease in the number of child molesters in the world
B. Requires special permission for men to work with children
C. Informed experts on the dangers of asking leading questions
D. Created the standard for parent involved interrogations of young children
C. The McMartin preschool case resulted in learning about the dangers of asking leading questions to children and has informed experts in the field pertaining to dangers associated with this line of questioning
75
Which of the following are lessons to be learned from witch trials?
A. Memories are malleable
B. Accusations are not damaging to individuals who have been abused
C. Cultures can swing in extremes when there is a lack of understanding
D. A & C
E. B & C
F. None of the above
D. A & C
76
```
Dignity therapy is designed for:
A. Only Individuals who are in hospice
B. Anyone with a terminal disease
C. To commune with the spirits of the dead
D. None of the above
```
B. Individuals who are terminally ill
77
```
Which is not a theme of Dignity therapy?
A. Hopefulness
B. Maintenance of Pride
C. Role Preservation
D. Review of regrets
```
D. Regret review is not a theme in dignity therapy
78
What is thought of as an exercise in dying?
Philosophy
79
Philosophers such as Epicurus and Spinoza would think of death as:
A. A part of life
B. An interruption of life
C. The culminating act of life
B. They would view death as the interruption to life that ends all projects but was not actually painful
80
True or false: Under the philosophy of death being considered a part of life, stoics believed that death should constantly be thought about in order to overcome fears and to remind ourselves that we are a part of nature.
True
81
True or false: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Freud, Marcus Aurelius, and Epictetus would say that death is to be considered a part of life
True
82
Many Christians would believe that death is a combination of two philosophies of death:
A. Death is a transition to another life of a similar kind and it is a part of life
B. Death is the culminating act of life and serves as a transition from this life to an eternal one
B. Many Christians would view death not only as the culminating act of life for some (such as Jesus or Martyrs) but also as a transition from this life to another one
83
Objective immortality is:
A. Available to anyone
B. Open only to those who believe it
C. Contributions that last beyond ones physical death
D. Survival - the continuation of you past your physical death
E. A & C
F. B & D
E. A & C
84
A stoic technique is negative visualization. This involved:
A. Imagining yourself or someone else dead
B. Thinking of the worst possible situation and creating it
C. Taking things for granted to avoid negatively viewing things
D. None of the above
A. Imagining yourself or another as dead
85
```
Fatalism is:
A. Being resigned to your fate
B. All things are predetermined
C. Letting go of the past and present
D. All of the above
```
C. Fatalism is letting go of the past and the present
86
True or false: Stoics would say that you should not form desires that you cannot sate
True
87
```
Stoics think which of the following is not under our control:
A. Opinions
B. Body
C. Objection
D. Actions
```
B. Our body is one of the things Stoics believed was not under our control.
88
Which of the following was not one of the stoic's beliefs about self denial?
A. Harden us against misfortune
B. Act as an insurance policy
C. Teach us we can tolerate major discomforts later
D. Prepare us for the afterlife
D. Stoics did not believe that self-denial was going to prepare someone for an afterlife (they did not believe in the afterlife)
89
True or false: persuasion is a kind of argument
False. Argument is a kind of persuasion based on the principles of logic and reasoning
90
```
Every great civilization in history has provided states subsidies for art and culture. How can we not do the same? This is an example of:
A. Argumentum Ad Hominem
B. Argumentum Ad Misericordian
C. Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem
D. Argumentum Ad Populum
```
C. Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem - the argument to antiquity or tradition. Says something is right or acceptable because it has always been done that way.
91
```
How can we take Richard Nixon's economic policy seriously when he is clearly a liar and a cheat? This is an example of:
A. Argumentum Ad Hominem
B. Argumentum Ad Verecundiam
C. Argumentum Ad Misericordian
D. Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem
```
A. Argumentum Ad Hominem - the argument directly attacks the person. It attacks the character or motives of a person who has stated the idea rather than the idea itself.
92
```
Which of these is not needed for an argument:
A. An issue to debate
B. Your position on the issue
C. Evidence
D. A strong moral code
```
D. You do not need a strong moral code to form a good argument
93
_______ dualism is based on materialism and ultimately believes that the soul dies with the body.
Property
94
***How may a client's belief in death and the mind-body problem influence their presenting problems?***
May believe that soul and body are separate. What happens to the soul when they die. Does this belief cause them discomfort or comfort.
95
What would Kuhn say some of the anomalies were regarding the facilitated communication concept?
- FC only works at school but not in the home with the parents
- The double blind test may be considered an anomaly
96
Socrates believed that the goal of life was to obtain __________.
Knowledge
97
True or false: Socrates would say that truth is subjective and determined through reason
True
98
Plato's reminiscence theory of knowledge stated that:
A. All knowledge is innate
B. Knowledge is learned
C. Can only attain knowledge through introspection
D. A & C
D. A & C
99
Aristotle vs. Plato pick which is not accurate:
A. Sensory experience key vs. innate information only
B. Empiricist vs. rationalist
C. Body is a hinderance in obtaining knowledge vs. sensations assist in furthering knowledge
D. Hippocratic (biology) vs. Pythagorean (mathematical)
C. This is reversed. Aristotle believed that through careful examination of nature by observation and classification (senses in the body) one could obtain knowledge. Plato believed that the body is a hinderance in seeking knowledge as you should not believe what you feel but rather focus inwardly for the answers
