Test 2 Flashcards
According to the book, what two “fairytales” invoke gender stereotypes and gender stratification.
- The Egg and the Sperm
- Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer
Anthropologists consider the ways in which ________ is constructed as a control element in every aspect of human culture, including sexuality, health, family, religion, economics, politics, sports, and individual identity formation.
Gender
In ways did Diamond identify human sexuality is different from other animals.
- Most other mammals live individually not in pairs and meet only to have sex.
- Humans have private sex
- Most mammals only have sex when the female ovulates.
Who wrote, “Manhood in the Making” and what was it about.
David Gilmore. The book concluded that masculinity across culture is a social project and not a natural “fact”. Gilmore suggested “manhood” is not distancing form womanhood but a “revolt against boyishness” in which a male-bodied person must prove he is a man.
Where is Nigeria?
Are men and women born or made?
Both
High testosterone levels often discussed as a source for abusive sexual behavior in men can actually be found in both men and women. True Or False
True
Who is Anne Faust-Sterling?
The biologist that proposed a theory that sheds light on the issue of fluidity versus rigidity in conceptualizing categories of biological sex and how they relate to gender identity. Wrote article “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough”
What is unique about the women’s role in creating awareness of Pinochet’s abuses and eventually bringing his dictatorship to an end?
- That it was latin women. (They were not submissive and stood up)
- The government would not dare harm a “mother” or there would be repercussions.
What are the discrepancies in the Man as Hunter, Woman as Gatherer theory?
- In general, it holds the role of the hunter as being superior to gatherer.
- Majority of calories come from gathered food, sometimes as much as 80%
What did anthropologist Landers and Fine study?
Youth sports, especially co-ed T-ball. Masculinity was promoted. Girls and “weaker” or less talented boys were not paid attention to.
____________ ____________ develops out of stereotypes and ideologies, not biology.
Gender stratification
Are there more than two sexes?
Some cultures do NOT have only 2 sexes.
There are more 2 kinds of bodies, more than 2 sexual preferences, more than two gender identities and they can be stacked in multiple ways, producing additional gender categories.
Define sexual dimorphism
Phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species.
Physical difference in male and females: height, strength, breast size, life expectancy…
What was the “Mother’s of the Disappeared”?
El Salvador (Chile) in a civil war. Government tortured and killed anyone who expressed opposition against govt.
Group of mothers formed CO-MADRES. It was one of the first groups to challenge the govt about the disappearance of family members.
Women sold “arpilleras” or tapestries depicting plans or what was going on the country to find financial backers.
______ is composed of the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes.
Gender
Who is Emily Martin?
Egg and Sperm Fairytale:
Egg and Sperm are equal - rather than displaying active or passive roles, the egg and the sperm appear to be mutually active partners in an egalitarian relationship.
What is the name of the anthropologist that revisited Malinowski’s study of people on the Trobriand Islands and noticed that the women also had an important role in the society?
Annette Weiner
Nature creates _______ not rigid categories of gender.
diversity
Who is Margaret Meade?
Feminist anthropologist that challenged cultural assumptions about human sexuality and gender roles.
A spectrum of human sexuality with exclusively heterosexual behavior on one end and exclusively homosexual behavior on the other end is known as the _____ ______.
Kinsey Scale
What are the 6 components of sex/gender?
Why do anthropologist study sexuality?
As a means of understanding the diverse expressions of sexuality worldwide.
What is gender ideology?
A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.
What is biopower?
The discipline of the body through control of biological sex characteristics to meet a cultural need for clear distinctions between the sexes.
“Changing the body to meet cultural standards”
What was Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo.
A group possibly inspired by the Chilean “Mothers of the Disappeared”
In Argentina, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo held weekly silent marches protesting government atrocities, wearing white handkerchiefs as head scarves with the names of their “disappeared” children embroidered on them
•The white scarf continues to be used as a symbol of resistance and solidarity in Latin America and I personally saw them being worn by women activists protesting the dictatorship in Brazil during the 1980s.
_________ refers to erotic desires and sexual practices as well as sexual orientation.
Sexuality
_________ ___________ is the unequal distrubution of power and access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender.
Gender Stratification
Under the rules of machismo (a form of gender performance), the machista is considered a:
A. manly man
B. gay man
C. sex worker
D. weak man
A. Manly Man
Who is Matthew Gutmann?
Studied machismo in Mexico. Found out that men displayed “manliness” outside of the home but have a more gentle side (especially to their children and family) inside the home.
What are the two key perspectives of sexuality defined by Ken Guest?
- A Complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure.
- The cultural arena within which people debate ideas of what kinds of physical desire and behaviors are morally right, appropriate, and “natural” and use those ideas to create unequal access to status and power.
Why was art important in the social activism associated with “The Mothers of the Disappeared?”
- The “arpillera” images played an expressive role giving voice to the mothers’ grief while at the same time brought international attention to the human rights abuses in Chile
- The Catholic Church helped the women get these arpilleras out of the country to exhibitions and sale venues making the international community aware of the situation in Chile
Over a lifetime, _______ becomes a powerful and mostly invisible, framework that shapes the way we see ourselves and others.
Gender
Define Mati work
Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women but maintain a “visiting” relationship with men for economic purposes and for the purposes of having children.
-Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity.
__________ is a gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one’s assigned sex at birth.
Transgender
Define “__machista__“
The “machista” is considered a manly man.
As a result, Nicaraguan men may engage in sexual relations with heterosexual and homosexual men and women
Gender roles become a ________ __________ cultural norm.
self reinforcing
In general people see ________ before sexuality.
Race
Define Sex from an anthropological view.
Observable physical differences between male and female human beings, especially biological differences related to human reproduction.
The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American culture is ____________.
Two Spirit
Hegemonic masculinity does not refer to some timeless essence of manhood but is rather a social construction therefor :
- ____________
- ____________
- _____________
- It can differ from one society to another
- It can change over time within any one society
- It can and usually does co-exist and even compete with other non-hegemonic masculinities.
What was the name of the Native American that was two-spirited?
Crow Otsikyap Dapes
or
Finds-Them-and-Kills-Them
He was also a skilled artist and medicine person. Resisted efforts from others to abandon his role as two-spirited.
What were the Victorian ideals of sexuality?
- Having sex for fun for the Victorians was considered out of keeping with Christian teachings.
- Masturbation was considered a form of self-abuse and was condemned because it was not for procreation
- idealized procreation
What group of people did Rudolf Gaudio study?
“Masu Harka”
We cannot deny that sexuality has biological components, but anthropologists suggest that _______________have a strong impact on sexual behavior
cultural norms and values
Attitudes with regards to sexual behavior are usually based on our _________ values.
cultural (ethnocentric)
_________is a strong, exaggerated performance of masculinity
Machismo
What is ritualized homosexuality?
Coined by Gilbert Herdt to describe a tribe’s sexuality in in Papua New Guinea that regard male-female sex as unpleasant, although necessary for reproduction
These tribes demonstrate the extent to which culture can influence basic biological forces, such as sexual urges
Who was Alfred Kinsey?
Sexologist: inventor of heterosexuality
Believed erotic feelings for the opposite sex were not abnormal, but rather a normal reaction found in a majority of the human population.
Discovered that sexual tendencies of an individual could shift over a lifetime encompassing a wide range of sexual activity and interest.
_________ differences between men and women have become associated with behavior differences.
Biological
The ethnography “Dude, You’re a Fag” was written by ___________. What did it portray?
CJ Pascoe. It was about masculinity in US high schools. How boys enforced the boundaries of masculinity through abuse or fear. Anti-gay discourse
In modern American culture, it is often believed that gender ideologies are supported by ________.
Biology
Define intersexual
An individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes.
AKA hermaphrodite
What does Emily Martin’s analysis of the “fairy tale” of the egg and the sperm, as presented in US textbooks, focus on?
A. Scientific language of biology promotes gendered stereotypes of male and female behavior
B. “female” eggs aggressively pursue more passive sperm until conception.
C. stereotypes of male and female behavior are portrayed as cultural constructions.
C. stereotypes of male and female behavior are portrayed as cultural constructions. (Martin’s analysis)
Sociologist that explored the impact of the intersection of race and sexuality on the identities, relationships, and families of black gay women in the US.
Mignon Moore
(Invisible Families)
What are the 3 primary factors in determining biological sex?
- Genitalia
- Gonads (testes or ovaries)
- Chromosome patterns (women XX, Men XY)
What is cultural construction of gender?
The ways humans learn to behave as a man woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context.
Describe “Man the hunter. Woman the Gatherer”.
A misunderstanding of human evolution and subsistence patterns.
Origins and “naturalness” of gender relations are flawed according to the anthropological record. Following male or female roles are not in the genetics but taught and cultural.
Men and woman both played a passive and aggressive role in ancient times.
It is an attempt to make an ideology appear to be rooted in biology.
Where is Surname?
Who were the two-spirited of the Native Americans?
- A man that dressed like a woman and did women’s work.
- Were not necessarily homosexual; some married women.
- Did not modify genitalia.
- It was believed that they embodied two spirits, a male, and a female.
Where are the Sambia from?
Papua New Guinea
_______ ________ are the anticipated cultural roles of the individual sexes.
Gender Roles
The characteristics associated with being a woman or man in a particular culture is central to _________________.
the practice of anthropology
What is intersectionality?
The intersection of sexuality and power.
When cultural institutions regulate and control our sexuality, sometimes in ways in which were are not aware, and sometimes in ways that we challenge
Who is Jared Diamond?
Wrote “The Animal with the Weirdest Sex Life”.
Suggested that human sexuality is completely abnormal by the standards of the worlds other animal populations.
What is the scientific study of sexuality called?
Sexology
Historian that argues heterosexuality as practiced and understood in contemporary US culture is a fairly recent invention.
Jonathan Katz
Who are the hijras?
Religious followers of the Hindu Mother Goddess, Bahuchara Mata. Often describe as transgender. Normally born as a man. Not characterized as neither man or woman by Indian population.
__________ is the process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural.
Enculturation
Why was Margaret Meade’s work on sexuality so important?
It contributed to a greater understanding of human sexuality because it challenged the assumptions that US attitudes about sexuality were universal traits which were a part of human nature.
Described enculturation of gender roles in America.
- Giving children gendered names.
- Dressing boys and girls differently.
- Encouraged to play different sports
In what ways do cultural and governmental institutions attempt to regulate and control sexuality (intersection)?
- defining the age of consent
- how marriage and divorce can be obtained
- reproductive rights such as abortion
Who is the anthropologist that studied women who engage in “Mati Work” in Suriname?
Gloria Wekker
What did Serena Nanda study?
Hijras in India
What is hegemonic masculinity?
- A particular set of behaviors, attitudes, and traits (physical, psychological emotional) held up as a standard for men.
- An ideal of masculinity, requiring all men to position themselves within it.
- Legitimated the global subordination of women to men.
- Most honored way of being a man
What are the “manly hearted women”?
- Bold courageous, or masculine woman
- can urinate in public
- have younger submissive husbands
- have magical powers
Define “Masu Harka”.
“People who do the deed”
Divided into two groups:
- Civilians (Masculine)
- Yan** **daudu (Feminine)
What is gender performance?
The way gender identity is expressed through action.
What are gender stereotypes?
A preconceived notion about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture.
Who wrote the books: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female?
Alfred Kinsey
(interviewed thousands of Americans about their sexual experiences)
What was the Supreme Court case that defined same-sex marriage as a fundamental right guaranteed under the US Constitution?
Obergfell vs Hodges
What is the French slang word for Native American two-spirited?
Berdache
What are some things that are expressed in American women’s gender performances?
- Wearing nice clothes and jewelry.
- Not showing too much assertive or competitiveness in the workplace which can be considered unfeminine.
Define gender studies.
Research into masculinity and femininity, complex and historically and culturally constructed categories.
Research into understanding who we are as men and women.
