Final Flashcards
___________ plays a fundamental role weaving the tapestry of culture in all societies.
Kinship
The most effective strategy humans have developed to form stable, reliable, separate and deeply connected groups that can last over time and through generations is __________.
Kinship
Kinship creates a system of both ________ and _______.
lineage & stability
Kinship is defined as:
the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities.
Kinship is a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain ______________________.
mutual rights and obligations
What were the “Jim Crow” laws?
Laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery.
Give some examples of the “Jim Crow” laws.
White only swimming pools, restaurants, schools, beaches
What is hypodescent?
“One drop rule”. If a child has any non-white “lesser” blood then that child is considered of the “lesser” race and NOT white.
What rule assigns the children of racially mixed unions to the subordinate group?
- miscegenation
- hypodescent
- racialization
- hypodescent
What is the idea that government policies should favor people born in the United States over immigrants such as Mexicans or Canadians?
Nativism
People who believe that civic policies should favor native-born people over immigrants illustrates the concept of
- eugenics
- nationalism
- nativism
- Nativism
Races are _______ categories not biological categories.
Social
All humans share approximately ______% identical DNA.
99.9%
What is eugenics?
“Social Darwinism”
An attempt to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population genetics by favoring one race over another.
What are 2 types of racism?
- Individual racism
- Institutional racism
What is individual racism?
Individual people holding prejudices against socially perceived races. Can be intentional or unintentionally / active or passive.
ex: locking car doors in a bad neighborhood
not renting to a particular race due to past experience with that race
A person who believes that Italians are somehow inferior and therefore refuses to give an Italian person a job is demonstrating ______.
- racist ideology
- white supremacy
- individual racism
- nativism
3. individual racism
Type of racism that is patterned by racial inequality and is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems.
Institutional Racism
aka structural racism
can happen in the education, health, employment and legal systems.
ex: whites do not get “profiled” as often as other races
Jim Crows laws, expropriation of indigenous lands, and immigration restrictions are examples of __________ racism.
Institutional
What is Peggy McIntosh study?
Institutional racism
Found whites benefit from an institutional history of racism whether they themselves are racist or not:
- better access to economic and educational benefits
- Fewer incidents of profiling
- less scrutiny for loans and financial transactions
What is the main force that encourages nativism?
Threating periods such as economic depressions or rising external threats.
ex: 9/11 and midNextdle east
What are some forces that work for nativism?
- need for cheap labor
- the nation’s conviction of its ability to assimilate all peoples
- cosmopolitanism
Define racialization.
The process of categorizing differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people.
ex: people of Middle East have been considered “white” until Next9/11 now they are considered different or foreign.
Racial ____ is a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to reasonable rational, and normal.
ideology
An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification.
intersectionality
What is race?
A flawed system of classification with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups.
Individual thought and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups.
Racism
A _______ is an inherited genetic factor that provides the framework for an organism’s physical form.
genotype
A ________ is the way genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors such as nutrition, disease, and stress.
Phenotype
Define miscegenation.
A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage.
What is ethnicity?
A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group.
A story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity.
Origin Myth
According to the Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl metaphor Melting Pot suggests:
that as each new ethnicity melts into the whole, it adds something new to the whole but that the whole is most important
some immigrants think of the melting pot as forced assimilation
According to the Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl metaphor Salad Bowl suggests:
each ethnic group may maintain its distinctiveness within the whole, but together these ethnicities make a great combination.
Emphasizes a multicultural attitude
Anthropologists support the idea that ________ leads to a healthy culture.
diversity
What is an ethnic boundary marker?
A practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not.
________ is the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group.
genocide
What is an individual’s self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location?
situational negotiation of identity
Define ethnic cleansing.
Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area.
___________ is the process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups.
assimilation
What is multiculturalism?
a pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture.
Both cultures can be present at the same time
Define state.
An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory.
A term once used to describe a group of people who shared a place of origin; now used interchangeably with the nation-state.
nation
The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation/state.
nationalism
A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people.
nation-state
The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlie identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never all meet.
imagined community
The concept of nationality is _________.
flexible; there is a choice involved
What is the impact of globalization on national identities?
increasing levels of immigration are reshaping the demography and the economy of various societies, often bringing national identities into question.
Creates diasporas
Tourism
What is the difference between ethnicity and nation?
nation is now considered a country.
ethnicity is a group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection
What is the relationship between ethnicity and nation?
nations include people of many ethnicities but the nations themselves forward an image of unity and uniformity
____________ may identify by ethnicity or a former nationality.
diasporas
What does ethnicity mean to anthropologists?
A sense of historical, cultural and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group.
Can also be imagined as “a more expansive version of kinship”
Anthropologist specifically view ethnicity as a __________ _________.
Cultural construction
________ is not biological; it is not physically inherited from one’s parents. This is the most important way in which the concept of ________differs from the concept of race.
Ethnicity
Is ethnicity inherited or taught?
Taught
What happened in Rwanda with the Hutu and Tutsi?
Ethnocide of the Tutsi
Belgian colonial rulers gave the Tutsi a privileged position in the nation and denied the Hutu.
When ethnic minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant group is
- nationalization
- integration
- absorption
- assimilation
assimilation
The documentation and description of the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices.
ethnopharmacology
Define ethnomedicine
Comparative study of local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values.
It includes the ways in which local cultures create unique strategies for identifying strategies for identifying and treating diseases.
Mainly focuses on non-Western health systems.
Who are the “amchi”?
Tibetan healers, living primarily in remote areas in the Himalayas. approxiamatly 200 of them.
Use healing practices that are deeply rooted in Tibetan Buddhism.
Amchi medicine is based on achieving the bodily and spiritual balance between the ____________________.
individual and the surrounding universe.
What is the difference between ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology?
ethnomedicine deals with the system of healthcare and ethnopharmacology are the physical “pills” (natural substances) and practices.
_____________ is a practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing diseases and promoting healing. Scientific way.
Biomedicine
What was the Schepter-Hughes case?
That biomedicine (western medicine) focuses only on the scientific aspect of healthcare and not the individual’s social experiences.
The _________ _________ is the complete collectin of microorganisms in the human body’s ecosystem.
human microbiome
What is a technocratic birth?
Mostly associated with the US where childbirth is considered a major medical procedure. A “technology” birth with lots of machines and medicines.
What is the difference between disease and illness?
A disease is physical and is caused by things like viruses.
An illness is how one feels - more emotional than physical.
____________ is defined as a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences.
Biomedicine
________ __________ are a component of the biomedical model but are NOT a component of all health care traditions.
Surgical Procedures
chinese medicine enviosions health as achieving a proper balance between _________ and ________.
Heaven and Earth (breath and air)
Common practices in Chinese ethnomedicine include _______ and ________ as well as _______ ______ all of which are thought to improve the flow of the body’s qi.
acupressure, acupuncture, therapeutic massage and drinking of herbal teas
An approach to the study of health and illness that analyzes the impact of inequality and stratification within systems of power on individual and group health outcomes.
critical medical anthropology
The movement of diseases, medical treatments, and entire health care systems, as well as those seeking medical care, across national borders
medical migration
What is medical pluralism?
The intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing.
American kinship terminology is known as _________.
Eskimo
Mother, Father, Brother, Sister
Eskimo kinship naming is associated with _____ descent.
bilateral (two-sided)
What is bilateral descent?
When descent derives from both mothers and father lines equally.
This kinship is found in 1/3 of the world’s societies.
Uses a single term for all relatives of the same sex and generation.
(cousins are considered brothers and sisters)
aunts and uncles are considered mothers and fathers
Hawaiian
What are the 3 types of residences after children are married?
- Matrilocal - move in with the wife’s family
- Patrilocal - move in the husbands family
- Neolocal - live independently
What is Compadrazgo?
Fictive kinship in Central Mexico like godparents (co-parents)
One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:
a. ascent
b. kinship
c. descent
d. family
C. descent
Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationship are called consanguineal are based on:
A. size
B. blood
C. maternity
D. paternity
B. blood
A ______ group is based on shared kinship & common ancestry.
descent
What are the two types of unilineal descents?
Matrilineal
Patrilineal
Typically, Native American societies have _________ descent groups.
matrilineal
What are the two types of descent groups?
Lineages
Clans
_________ represents a descent group that can clearly trace their ancestry to a founding member.
lineage
A ________ is a descent group that cannot clearly trace their ancestry to a founding member. Unknown ancestor from an eagle or wolf - native American tribes.
clan
A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent.
affinal relationship
A marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation.
companionate marriage
Marriage between one man and two or more women.
Polygyny
Marriage between one woman and two or more men.
Polyandry
marriage to someone outside the kinship group.
exogamy
marriage to someone within the kinship group.
endogamy
What is a Cross cousin
Children of a mother’s brother or father’s sister
What is a parallel cousin?
Children of a father’s brother or mother’s sister
In nations like China, India, the Middle East, and Africa it is legal for ______ cousins to marry.
cross
Iroquois kinship naming is traced through the ________ descent.
Matrilineal or Patrilineally descent but not both
_________ societies usually have Matrilineal descent.
Horticultural
Worldwide, the most common type of descent group today is:
A. matrilineal
B. patrilineal
C. Clan
D. bilateral
B. patrilineal
A woman belongs to the same descent group as her father and his brothers, but her children cannot trace descent through her relatives is what type of descent group?
Patrilineal
