Test 2 Flashcards
What is the structure that transports pancreatic juice to the duodenum?
The main pancreatic duct
What is the inactive form of Trypsin
Trypsinogen
What brush boarder enzyme activates trypsinogen?
Enterokinase on epithelial cells
enterokinase is also known as…
enteropeptidase
What does Trypsin do to the proenzymes that are in pancreatic juice? What are the Proenzymes of the pancreas that it activates?
It activates
Chymotripsinogen
Proelastase
Procarboxypeptidase A, and B
This pancreatic hormone is recreated in response to decreased pH in the duodenum
Secretin
The S cells of the duodenum produce?
Secretin
A hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete juice rich in enzymes…
CCK
Some evidence suggests that pancreatic juice although mediated primarily through CCK (primary) and the PNS through the vagus nerve may also be stimulated by…
A response to the sight or smell of food.
Which measurements can confirm Acute pancreatitis
Measurements of pancreatic amylase or lipase is an indication that the acinar cell of the pancreas are being destroyed.
Most cases of acute pancreatitis result from…
Gallstones or alcoholism
Name some of the common symptoms of pancreatitis…
Most common initial symptom is severe epigastric and abdominal pain that radiates to the back
Ascites Tachycardia hypotension cool and clammy skin Fever Mild jaundice in the case of biliary obstruction
More than 95% of malignant neoplasms of the pancreas arise from the
exocrine elements and are referred to as exocrine pancreatic cancers.
The major risk factors for pancreatic cancer are:
- Cigarette smoking
- High body mass and lack of physical activity
- History of chronic pancreatitis
Cystic Fibrosis Results from a defect in..
An absence of The CFTR calcium channel. With out This channel the Na+ ENaC cannot regulate properly and we get dehydration of mucus and a build up of water in the places we don’t want.
Where is the Quadrate lobe of the liver located?
Close to the gallbladder, the more anterior side of the liver between the Right and left lobes.
Where is the Caudate lobe of the liver located
Nearest the inferior Vena Cava. The more posterior side of the liver between the right and left lobes.
The functional units of the liver are called…
Lobules
The function of Kupffer cells
Located in the sinusoid, they remove bacteria and debris from the blood.
The tube that bile flows through in the liver…
Called bile canaliculi, the flow of bile is opposite the flow of blood into the sinusoids from arteries and veins.
Hepatocytes are grouped into…
Hepatic chords
The flow of blood through the liver
- Oxygen Rich blood from the hepatic artery + Nutrient rich blood from the hepatic portal vein flow together into…
- Liver sinusoids»
- Central vein»
- Inferior vena cava»
- Right atrium of the heart.
The sinusoids are lined by_______, and have no_________.
Fenestrated endothelium
Basement membrane
The space between the hepatocytes in the liver and the fenestrated endothelium lining the sinusoids in the liver…
SPACE OF DISSE (perisinusoidal space).
How does the Liver produce ASCITES?
When the lymph flow of the liver is compromised, it lacks through the outer surface of the liver into the abdominal cavity.
Explain the first pass effect.
Drugs chemicals or nutrients all go through the liver before they enter the systemic circulation. Enzymes in the liver will attempt to break these substances down i to more soluble parts so they can be eliminated or utilized.
5 year survival for pancreatic cancer patients…
25-30% for node-negative and 10% for node-positive tumors
How much glycogen can the liver store?
8% of its weight can be glycogen
100-120g of glycogen
Deamination reactions require a set of enzymes known as
aminotransferases or transaminases:
aspartate transaminase or AST
alanine transaminase or ALT
Build up of urea in the blood can lead to…
and is often a symptom of…
…a state of azotemia or uremia
…renal failure
The normal BUN (blood urea nitrogen) level
a range of 5-26 mg/dL in the adult
9/10 times elevated BUN indicates renal disfunction
Statins inhibit the enzyme…
HMG-CoA reductase, the instrumental enzyme in cholesterol production
The only way the body can secrete and get rid of extra cholesterol…
Excreted in BILE
The hormones that the liver degrades
Steroid hormones, as will as T3/T4 hormones
The vitamin the liver stores are…
Vitamin B12, A, and D
The major types of plasma proteins are:
- albumin
- globulin
- fibrinogen
What hormones liver proteins transport?
transport of thyroid, adrenocortical, gonadal and other
hormones (albumin & globulin)
What do liver proteins act as carriers for?
Acting as carriers for metals, ions, fatty acids, amino acids, bilirubin, enzymes and drugs (albumin & globulin)
The organic constituents of bile are:
- bile salts (~50%)
- phospholipids (~40%)
- cholesterol (~4%)
- bile pigments such as bilirubin (~2%)
Primary bile acids are converted into what to secondary bile acids by bacteria in the gut?
Deoxycholic acid
Lithocholic acid
Conjugation of bilirubin involves attaching….
This is catalyzed by…
glucuronic acid to bilirubin
glucuronyl transferase.
The function of CCK on the gall bladder
Contraction
and Relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
What roll does Secretin play on bile releae
stimulates ion and water secretion by the bile ducts, in essence washes out some of the bile down toward the duodenum.
What effect does ACH have on the gall bladder.
Causes it to contract via PNS
Describe Acute cholecystitis causes
right upper quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis associated with gallbladder inflammation that is usually related to gallstone disease.
Describe Chronic cholecystitis
is the term used by the pathologist to describe chronic inflammatory cell infiltration of the gallbladder seen on histopathology.
the presence of gallstones
Cholelithiasis
