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ASDOH Digestion > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The length of the GI tract in a living person

A

Half a cadaver’s length because of muscle tone, about 15 feet (30 in cadaver)

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2
Q

The ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS include

A

salivary glands, pancreas & biliary system (liver & gall bladder).

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3
Q

The basic functions of the GI tract are to:

A

separate ingested food into essential nutrients & unnecessary wastes

absorb the former while getting rid of the latter

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4
Q

Smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract maintains a constant low level of contractions known as

A

tone

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5
Q

Tone is important in

A

maintaining a steady pressure on the contents of the GI tract as well as in preventing its walls from remaining permanently stretched following distention.

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6
Q

3 basic types of motility:

A
  • propulsive movements or PERISTALSIS
  • mixing movements or SEGMENTATION
  • TONIC CONTRACTIONS of sphincters or valves
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7
Q

Promotes mechanical digestion of food

A

Motility - SEGMENTATION

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8
Q

What does the mechanical digestion of food by motility Promote?

A

Facilitates absorption by exposing all portions of the intestinal contents to the absorbing surfaces of the GI tract

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9
Q

These GI checkpoints also serve to regulate the movement of luminal contents

A

Tonic contractions of sphincters, with intermittent relaxation,

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10
Q

All of the GI sphincter muscles are Completely dependent on involuntary contractions of smooth muscle except for…

A

The sphincters at both ends…

The early portion of the esophagus
(including the UES), and The External Anal Sphincter

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11
Q

regulates movement of contents of the

common bile duct into the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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12
Q

How much Saliva Does the human body make in a typical day?

A

1.5 L

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13
Q

How much gastric juice Does the human body make in a typical day?

A

2.5 L

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14
Q

How much bile Does the human body make in a typical day?

A

0.5 L

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15
Q

How much pancreatic juice Does the human body make in a typical day?

A

1.5 L

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16
Q

How much intestinal secretion Does the human body make in a typical day?

A

1.0 L

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17
Q

How much mucus Does the human body make in a typical day?

A

2.0L

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18
Q

volume of fluid entering or secreted into the lumen of the GI tract each day

A

9L

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19
Q

From the daily 9L of fluid, approximately how much ends up in stool daily, with the balance recycled back to the body.

A

100 ml

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20
Q

The breakdown process whereby the structurally complex foodstuffs of the diet are converted into smaller absorbable units Occurs by…

A

mechanically via the aforementioned motility and chemically via enzymes

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21
Q

What quadrant is the Liver Located in?

A

RUQ: Right lobe
LUQ: Left Lobe

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22
Q

What quadrant is the Gallbladder Located in?

A

RUQ

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23
Q

What quadrant is the Stomach Located in?

A

RUQ: Pyloris
LUQ: the rest

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24
Q

What quadrant is the Spleen Located in?

A

ULQ

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25
Q

What quadrant is the Duodenum Located in?

A

RUQ: Parts 1/3

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26
Q

What quadrant is the Pancreas Located in?

A

RUQ: head
LUQ: body and tail

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27
Q

What quadrant is the Kidney+Adrenal gland Located in?

A

RUQ: Right
RLQ: Left

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28
Q

What quadrant are the colic flexures Located in?

A

RUQ: right hepatic fixture
ULQ: colic splenic flexure

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29
Q

What quadrant is the Ascending colon Located in?

A

URQ: superior part
LRQ: Inferior part

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30
Q

What quadrant is the Transverse colon Located in?

A

URQ: right half
ULQ: Left half

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31
Q

What quadrant is the Descending colon Located in?

A

ULQ: left half
LLQ: inferior part

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32
Q

What quadrant is the Cecum Located in?

A

RLQ

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33
Q

What quadrant is the Vermiform appendix Located in?

A

RLQ

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34
Q

What quadrant is most of the ileum Located in?

A

RLQ

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35
Q

What quadrant are the uterine tubes and ureters Located in?

A

RLQ, and LLQ

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36
Q

What quadrant are the ovaries Located in?

A

RLQ, and LLQ

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37
Q

What quadrant are the ovaries Located in?

A

RLQ, and LLQ

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38
Q

9 Abdominal- Pelvic Regions

A

RH | E | LH
RL | U | LL
RI | P | LI

Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac 
Right Lateral (Lumbar) , Umbilical, Left Lateral (Lumbar) 
Right Inguinal (Groin) , Pubic, Left Inguinal (Groin)
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39
Q

is a slick serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

peritoneum

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40
Q

covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs and is continuous with the parietal peritoneum

A

visceral peritoneum

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41
Q

lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

A

parietal peritoneum

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42
Q

is the condition characterized by the accumulation of peritoneal fluid.

A

Ascites

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43
Q

contains large folds that weave between the viscera hangs loosely from the transverse colon and small intestine

A

greater omentum,

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44
Q

which in found in between the small intestine and anchors it to the posterior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

45
Q

gastric juice penetrates the gastric mucosal barrier, injuring the gastric wall with its acidic and enzymatic contents.

A

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

46
Q

pancreatic juice escapes the pancreas and/or duodenum

A

acute pancreatitis

47
Q

the colon wall tears open, allowing intestinal bacteria (“flora”) to escape to the abdominal and pelvic cavities, causing peritonitis or even death.

A

ruptured appendix

48
Q

The three main layers of the Mucosa

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

49
Q

The prominent type of self-induced electrical activity in digestive smooth muscle is called

A

slow-wave potential, or the GI’s basal electrical rhythm (BER) or pacemaker potential

50
Q

The neurons of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses are often termed the intrinsic nerve plexuses or the

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

51
Q

Nerves that originate outside the GI tract and innervate the various GI organs –
namely, nerve fibers from both branches of the autonomic nervous system

A

Extrinsic Nerves

52
Q

Structures that the vagus nerves innervates in the upper GI tract:

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • ascending colon
53
Q

The vagus nerves are mixed nerves in
which____% of the fibers are afferent
and____% are efferent.

A

75%

25%

54
Q

What are the things the pelvic nerves (pelvic splanchnic) innervate in the lower GI tract:

A

• transverse, descending & sigmoid
colons
• anal canal

55
Q

What are the The pelvic nerves derive from spinal nerve pairs that innervate the Transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, and the anal canal

A

S2, S3 and S4.

56
Q

The majority of parasympathetic, post-ganglionic neruons servicing the GI system are

A

cholinergic; some are peptidergic (VIP, enkephalins, neuropeptide Y, substance P)

57
Q

These post-ganglionic fibers are adrenergic and these sympathetic ganglia serve the GI tract:

A
  • celiac
  • superior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
58
Q

The principal glands of salivation are the…

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Glands

59
Q

dry mouth and infection / inflammation of the buccal mucosa.

A

XEROSTOMIA

60
Q

everal diseases affect the salivary glands resulting in xerostomia. These diseases include

A

Sjögren’s syndrome, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and Parkinson’s disease.

61
Q

An autoimmune disease were the mucous membranes and moisture-secreting glands of your eyes and mouth are usually affected first — resulting in decreased tears and saliva.

A

Sjögren’s syndrome

62
Q

In a Salivary Gland The acinus is comprised of a central lumen surrounded by pyramidal-shaped cells. Each acinus is surrounded by a layer of

A

myoepithelial cells

63
Q

Parotid Acinar type, viscosity, and Percentage of Whole Unstimulated Daily Saliva

A

Serum, watery, 25%

64
Q

Submandibular Acinar type, viscosity, and Percentage of Whole Unstimulated Daily Saliva

A

Mixed, semi viscus, 71%

65
Q

Sublingual

A

Mucus, viscus, 3-4%

66
Q

Drains the parotid gland…

A

Stensen’s duct

67
Q

Drains the submandibular gland

A

Wharton’s duct

68
Q

Drains the sublingual gland

A

Ducts of Rivinus

69
Q

mix with water to become mucus, which

lubricates food

A

mucins

70
Q

hydrolyzes internal α-1,4 linkages only.

A

Salivary α-amylase

71
Q

Salivary α-amylase does not cleave…

A

terminal α-1,4 linkages or α-1,6 linkages

72
Q

antibacterial component of saliva attacks bacterial cell walls

A

lysozyme

73
Q

Found in saliva chelates iron, preventing the

multiplication of organisms that require it for growth

A

lactoferrin

74
Q

AB found in saliva active against

certain viruses and bacteria

A

immunoglobulin A (IgA)

75
Q

Teeth start to demineralize at what pH?

A

< 5.5 approximately

76
Q

The salivary glands are enervated by which CNs?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system via CN VII, and CN IX

77
Q

The sympathetic nervous system enervates the salivary glands via…

A

T1-T3

78
Q

we can distinguish How many chemicals tasting?

A

4000-10,000

However, behavioral evidence suggests that these discriminations represent only 4 or 5 primary taste qualities:

79
Q

Taste receptor cells (“taste cells”) are located within clusters of cells known as…

A

Taste buds

80
Q

Taste buds are generally found on…

A

PAPILLAE located over the tongue, palate, pharynx and epiglottis.

81
Q
  • Mushroom-like
  • Scattered over entire tongue surface, but most abundant at its tip and along its anterior sides
  • Mainly respond to sweet & salty substances but also to sour
A

Fungiform Papillae

82
Q
  • Folded structures
  • Most abundant on the middle edges of the tongue
  • Mainly respond to sour
A

Foliate Papillae

83
Q

• Largest and least
numerous; form an inverted “V” at the back of the tongue
• Respond mostly to bitter substances

A

Circumvallate

84
Q

The taste buds on the circumvallate papillae & some of the foliate papillae are innervated by the…

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

85
Q

The taste buds on fungiform papillae and some of the foliate papillae are innervated by the…

A

chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

86
Q

Taste buds in the region of the epiglottis are supplied by the…

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

87
Q

Taste buds in the region of the palate are supplied by the…

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

88
Q

is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue. It also carries fibers from the facial nerve, which return taste information from the anterior two thirds of the tongue.

A

The lingual nerve

89
Q

contains the gustatory nuclei

A

nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) or solitary nucleus located in the brainstem

90
Q

The muscles of mastication receive their motor innervation from the mandibular division of the…

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN-3)

91
Q

Name the Muscles of Mastication

A

Masseter Temporalis Medial Pterygoid Lateral Pterygoid

92
Q

jaw nears closure; strongest forces are exerted; represents the longest component of the cycle

A

Occlusal

93
Q

unlike the rest of the GI tract, the esophagus has no…

A

true serosal outer layer, but is covered by a thin and poorly defined layer of connective tissue

94
Q

in cases of portal hypertension (an increase in pressure in the portal vein, usually due to cirrhosis)

A

lower esophagus may enlarge into ESOPHAGEAL VARICES

95
Q

Various agents have been showed to decrease LES pressure, which in turn, decreases it’s closing strength. This permits reflux of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus This diseases is called…

A

GERD - gastroesophageal reflux disease

96
Q

If swallowing is painful, it is referred to as …

A

odynophagia

97
Q

difficulty in swallowing

A

dysphagia

98
Q

is characterized by a repair process in which the squamous mucosa that normally lines the esophagus is gradually replaced by columnar epithelium (metaplasia) resembling that in the stomach and intestines.

A

Barrett’s esophagus

is associated with increased risk of developing esophageal cancer.

99
Q

play an important role in protecting the stomach mucosa from injury by enhancing mucus production.

A

Prostaglandins

100
Q

secrete HCl & intrinsic factor (IF)

A

Parietal cells

101
Q

secrete pepsinogen & gastric lipase

A

Chief cells

102
Q

stimulates gastric juice secretion
when food is being chewed in the mouth or with the
sight, smell, or thought of food

A

Vagus nerve weakly stimulates

103
Q

• Vagus nerve weakly stimulates gastric juice secretion
when food is being chewed in the mouth or with the
sight, smell, or thought of food
• Vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion from the
enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands
• Gastrin further stimulates secretion of gastric juice

A

CEPHALIC PHASE

104
Q

• Begins when food reaches the stomach
• Distention of the stomach and protein digestion
products (amino acids) stimulate gastrin secretion
and hence more gastric juice secretion – this
represents a positive feedback loop •
Vagus nerve also continues to stimulate gastrin
release and gastric motility
• Elevated levels of gastrin stimulate the release of
histamine, which in turn increases HCl secretion
from parietal cells

A

GASTRIC PHASE

105
Q

Small amounts of acidic chyme enter the duodenum which stimulates the secretion of 3 hormones that inhibit gastric juice secretion:
• cholecystokinin (CCK)
• secretin
• gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) GIP also inhibits gastric motility

A

INTESTINAL PHASE

106
Q

H. pylori survives in the stomach because it produces…

A

the enzyme urease, which generates substances (namely NH neutralize the stomach’s acid and enable the bacteria to survive

107
Q

Inadequate absorption of vitamin B12 causes?

A

pernicious anemia

108
Q

vomiting can also be caused by signals arising in areas of the brain. This is particularly true for an area located bilaterally on the floor of the 4th ventricle called the

A

chemoreceptor trigger zone.

ASDOH Digestion (3 decks)

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