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Cog Psych Test 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory transduction

A

The translation of sensory input into electrical signals the brain can understand

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2
Q

Labeled lines

A

Each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information

Ex) vibration, pressure, temp etc

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3
Q

Receptive fields

A

A region where a stimulus will change the neuron’s firing rate

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4
Q

Size of receptive field

A

Large receptive field= less sensitivity

Small receptive field = more sensitivity

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5
Q

Rate coding

A

Firing of AP recorded as #AP/sec

Codes intensity

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6
Q

Range fractionation

A

Divides multiple receptors of a certain sensory neuron based on intensity

Has min and max firing rate

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7
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Decrease frequency of AP after intital stimulation

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8
Q

Adaptation

A

Loss of receptor sensitivity as stimulation is maintained

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9
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Show no decline or slow decline in AP frequency (I.e. Pain, proprioceptor)

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10
Q

Center Modulation of Sensory Information

A

The process in which higher brain centers, such as cortex and thalamus, suppress some sources of sensory information and amplify others

-“top-down” influences

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11
Q

Polymodal neurons

A

A neuron where information from more than one sensory system converges

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12
Q

Synesthesia

A

A condition in which stimulation in one sensory pathway evokes an involuntary experience in a second sensory pathway

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13
Q

Graphemes color synesthesia

A

See colors associated with numbers

*convergence of different sensory systems allows the systems to interact

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14
Q

Humunculus

A

The size of each body part reflects the proportion of S1 devoted to that part

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15
Q

Motor system

A

Biggest areas: hands, lips and tongue

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16
Q

Sensory system

A

Biggest areas: hand, thumb, lips

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17
Q

Nociceptors

A

A receptor that responds to stimuli that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage

Pain receptor

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18
Q

Delta fibers

A

Large diameter, myelinated and thus fast conducting axon

  • transmits pain info
  • phasic receptors
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19
Q

C fibers

A

A small, unmyelinated and thus conduct pain info slowly and adapts slowly

-tonic receptor

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20
Q

Substance P

A

A peptide transmitter that selectively boosts pain signals and remodels pain pathway neurons

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21
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Region of medial cerebral cortex that lies dorsal to the corpus callosum

-integrates pain info

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22
Q

Analgesic drugs

A

Opiate drugs bind to specific receptors in the brain that decrease pain

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23
Q

TENS

A

Mild electrical stimulation to nerves around the injury sites to relieve pain

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24
Q

Placebo effect

A

Relief of a symptom that results from a treatment known to be ineffective

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25
Q

Acupuncture

A

Insertion of needles at designated points on the skin to alleviate pain or neurological malfunction

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26
Q

Extreme stress

A

Can produce significant analgesia

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27
Q

Proprioception

A

Body sense; info about position and movement of the body

-tonic receptors

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28
Q

Motoneuron

A

A neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles or glands

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29
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Region where the motoneuron terminal meets the adjoining muscle fiber to transmit its message

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30
Q

Pyramidal (corticospinal) system

A

Forms pyramidal tract

From frontal cortex (pre-central gyrus) to brain stem to spinal cord

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31
Q

Primary motor cortex (M1)

A

Executive region for the initiation of movement

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32
Q

Pre Central gyrus

A

The strip of frontal cortex that is crucial for motor control

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33
Q

M1 neurons

A

Most encode movements in a particular direction rather than a specific muscle contraction

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34
Q

SMA (supplementary motor cortex)

Premotor cortex

A

Code behaviors involving multiple muscles rather than specific muscle movements

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35
Q

Extrapyramidal System

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

-adjust the commands received from the other parts of the motor control system

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36
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss if voluntary muscle control and balance

-damage to extrapyramidal system (cerebellum)

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37
Q

Diseases of Basal Ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease

Huntington’s disease

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38
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • hypokinesia (less mov’t)
  • lack of spontaneous movements
  • bradykinesia-slowing of movement
  • rigidity and postural instability
  • tremor when stationary (resting tremor)
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39
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Hyperkinesia (more mov’t)

  • excess spontaneous movement
  • writing, dance like movements (chorea)
  • also affects mood and cognition
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40
Q

Sound waves

A

Changes in air pressure

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41
Q

Compression

A

Higher pressure

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42
Q

Rarefaction

A

Lower pressure

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43
Q

Amplitude (Intensity) = Loudness

A 
Measured as sound pressure
# of molecules measured in dB
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44
Q

Frequency = Pitch

A

The number of cycles per second in a soundwave measured in hertz
-speed of compression/rarefaction.

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45
Q

Timbre = Complexity

A

Complexity of a sound wave

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46
Q

Pure tone

A

Tone with only a single frequency of vibration

-rare in real world

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47
Q

Fundamental frequency

Basic

A

Predominant frequency of an auditory tone

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48
Q

Harmonies

A

Multiples of the fundamental

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49
Q

Transduction of sound

1. Cochlea

A

Cochlea: fluid filled, cooked chambers where mechanical vibrations of the middle ear are transfixed into electrical signals

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50
Q

2.

A

Traveling wave causes basilar (base) membrane to move

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51
Q

3.

A

When the basilar membrane vibrates, Inner Hair Cells (IHC) bounce up against the tectorial (roof) membrane and stimulates stereocilia

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52
Q

4.

A

Vibration pops be “tip links” allowing k+ and ca2+ to rich into the stereocilia and depolarize the cell

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53
Q

5.

A

Depolarization initiates AP on the spiral ganglion cells, whose axons form the vestibulocochlear nerve

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54
Q

Inner hair cells

A
  • bottom up = afferent
  • detect pitch and intensity
  • 95% of al fibers provide info to brain
  • top down = efferent
  • control responsiveness of IHC
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55
Q

Outer Hair Cells

A
  • top down = efferent
  • change length of cell to change stiffness of basilar membrane in certain parts of cochlea–sharpens tuning of task-relevant frequencies
  • bottom up = afferent
  • convey info back to brain about how still the adult membrane is
56
Q

Place coding

A

Discrimination based on location

  • base (stiff) - increase frequencies = more energy
  • apex (flexible) - decrease frequencies = less energy
57
Q

Tonotpic organization

A

Neurons are arranged as a map of stimulus frequency

-present from cochlea to A1

58
Q

Temporal coding

A

Discrimination based on rate of firing

-most evident at lower frequencies (max. = 4000 hz)

59
Q 
Sound signal (PNS-- CNS)
1.
A

Cochlear nucleus - receives info from auditory hair cells

60
Q
  1. Superior olivary nucleus
A

Inputs from one ear bisect and go to both left and right sides
-provides 1st binaural (two-ear) analysis of auditory info

61
Q
  1. Midbrain
A

Inferior colliculus

62
Q
  1. Thalamus
A

Medical geniculate nucleus

63
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1)

A

Core—processes complex sounds

-cells respond to only pure tones and very narrow coding

64
Q

Secondary auditory cortex (A2)

A

Belt

  • Cells respond to broader range of frequencies
  • responds more to complex sounds like speech perception
65
Q

Speech perception

-left hemisphere

A

dominant for word perception

66
Q

Pure word deafness

A

Damage to left hemisphere

- inability to hear words, but other sounds like environmental and music sounds can be detected

67
Q

Prosody

A

Perception of emotional tone of voice aspects of language

Ex) linguistic prosody–question vs. statement
Emotional prosody–sad, happy

68
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Contributes to prosody

69
Q

Music perception

Right hemisphere

A

Musical pitch/ melody

70
Q

Amusia

A

Disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately or to sing

71
Q

“Tone-deaf” ppl

A
  • congenital amusia

- have irregularities in right-hemisphere auditory regions

72
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Musical rhythm/timing

  • tempo of the beats (rhythm)
  • way that beats are grouped (meter)
73
Q

Localizing sound

-where pathway

A

From posterior A1 to parietal cortex

74
Q

Interaural differences

A

Code horizontal location (left to right)

75
Q

Interaural latency (time) differences

A

Difference between the two ears in the time of sound arrival
- one ear is closer to localize a sound source

76
Q

Interaural intensity (loudness) differences

A

A perceived difference in loud news btwn two ears

77
Q

Sound shadow

A

Where sound waves fail to propagate

-more pronounced for higher frequencies

78
Q

Vertical localization

A

Spectral filtering by shape of ear

79
Q

Spectral filtering

A

Process where hills and valleys of ear alter the amplitude of some, not all frequencies in a sound

  • brain develops a model of how sounds are distorted by ones ear and head
    • can code left/right and up/down
80
Q

Visual fields

A

Portion of space where objects are visible while holding a steady fixation in one direction

81
Q

Binocular zone

A

Light enters both eyes

82
Q

Monocular zones

A

Light only enters one eye

Ex) left zone to left eye only

83
Q

Nasal retina

A

Part of eye closer to nose

-axons from here CROSS at the optic chiasm

84
Q

Temporal retina

A

Part of eye closer to the ear

-axons continue on to optic tract on same side –do not cross

85
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The point at which parts of the optic. We’ve cross from PNS to CNS

86
Q

Optic tract

A

Name of optic nerve in CNS

87
Q

Left optic tract

A

Corresponds to Right visual field (info from nasal retina)

88
Q

Right optic tract

A

Corresponds to left visual field

89
Q

Photopic system

A

Operates at higher levels of light, sensitive to color and involves cones

90
Q

Scotopic system

A

Operates at low levels of light, and involves rods

91
Q

Retina

A

Transfixed photons to electrical signals and sends it to the CNS

92
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A
  • top layer of cells—axons make up the optic nerve

- ONLY cells that generate APs

93
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Mid layer of bipolar cells ( one axon and one dendrite)

-Conduct LP

94
Q

Photoreceptor Cell layer

A

Back of the eye–bottom layer

  • Rods and cones
  • transduce light into electrical signals
95
Q

Cones

A
  • functions best in bright light
  • 3 types: range provides color vision
  • 4 million
  • high acuity = smaller receptive field
96
Q

Rods

A

Excellent light sensitivity

  • functions in low lights
  • 1 type: only responsive to blue green light
  • 100 million
  • low acuity = larger receptive field
99
Q

Direction of light

A

Ganglion cells to photoreceptors

100
Q

Direction of neural signal

A

From photoreceptors to ganglion cells

101
Q

Special cells

A

Connect cells within a layer

102
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Contacts both photoreceptors and bipolar cells

103
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Contacts both bipolar and ganglion cells

-significant in inhibiting interactions within the retina

104
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

When stimulation of a receptor cell results in inhibition of info of neighboring receptor cells
Ex) special cells

-important role In Edge detection

105
Q

Edge detection

A

Increase contrast between 2 areas of differing brightness

106
Q

Color vision

A

Photons vibrate as they travel across space, creating a wave

  • different cones responds to different light frequencies
    • each has a peak and wide distribution
107
Q

Fine grained color discrimination

A

Happens through tuning in Cortex

108
Q

Fovea

A

Center region of retina

  • highest visual acuity Bc it is where small cones are densely packed
  • highest number of cones
  • only place where light passes directly to receptors w/o going through other layers ( less diffusion of light)
109
Q

Blind spot

A

Portion of visual field where light falls on the optic disc

110
Q

Convergence

A

Allows a neuron to receive input from multiple neurons in a network

111
Q

In the retina

A

Trade off btwn acuity and light sensitivity = function of convergence

112
Q

Cones = low convergence

A

One cone conveys info to one ganglion cell (1:1)

-1:1 relation allows cell to know exactly where light is

113
Q

Rods= high convergence

A

One ganglion cell receives input from multiple rods
-Bc so many rods sending info, cell cannot tell the difference of where light is coming from

-works well in low light Bc of higher sensitivity to light Bc of summation of LP

114
Q

Center-surround receptive fields

A

Found throughout the early pets of the visual system —reina (bipolar and ganglion cells) and LGN
Center = on
Surround = off

115
Q

In receptive fields of V1

Simple cells

A

Respond to a bar of light in a particular orientation

-built up from “convergence” across multiple center-surround receptive fields of early stages: retina and LGN

116
Q

Complex cells

A

Respond to bars of light moving in a particular direction

-results from convergence of multiple simple cells

117
Q

In the visual ventral system

A

-Neurons respond to more complex shapes
- receptive fields of neurons increase in size —-care less about where object is in space
(Bc of convergence trade off)

118
Q

Retinogeniculostriate pathway = ventral stream

A

90% of axons from Retina—LGN (thalamus)—V1 (priestly and temporal cortex)

  • most fovea vision goes to V1
  • conscious visual processing
119
Q

Cortical blindness

A

Total or partial loss of vision in a normal appearing eye

-damage to LGN and V1

120
Q

Hemianopia

A

Can see only from one eye

121
Q

Blindsight

A

No conscious awareness of visual input, but shoes unconscious responses to visual input

-result of dorsal stream

122
Q

Blindsight ppl

A
  • can guess better than chance WHERE a stimulus is in the kind area and in what direction it’s moving
  • can guess better than chance simple shape judgments about WHAT something is in blind field
123
Q

Retinocollicular pathway = dorsal stream

A

10% of axons from Retina–superior colliculus–thalamus–posterior parietal cortex

  • skips V1 and goes to parietal
  • does NOT require consciousness
124
Q

Visual divide and conquer

A

Perception of color, motion and form are processed through separate visual pathways

125
Q

Achromatopsia

-damage in V4

A

Lack of color vision, can’t perceive color; cannot see, dream or imagine in color, impairment of complex shape perception

Intact: motion perception and basic form

126
Q

V4

A

Essential for color constancy

Damaged in achromatopsia

127
Q

Color constancy

A

Ensures that the perceived color of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions

128
Q

Akinetopsia

Damage in V5/MT (dorsal stream)

A

Absence of motion perception; cannot see fast motion

Intact: performing colors and recognizing objects

129
Q

Visual form agnosia

Damage to ventral stream

A

Inability to create a unified mental representation of the structure/ form of an object
-cannot visually recognize it copy while objects

Intact: normal color, motion perception, perception of dots and lines

130
Q

Visuomotor abilities

A

Intact after ventral stream damage

  • can’t recognize objects, but can form appropriate grip aperture
  • don’t know what, but know where it is and how to use it
131
Q

Perception of action pathway

Dorsal steam

A

Codes relationship of world relative to you

-tells you where things are in space

132
Q

Optic ataxia

Damage to dorsal stream

A

Inability to reach toward objects under visual guidance

133
Q

Perceptual representations in ventral steam

A

Organized in “modular” or domain-specific way

134
Q

Category-specific deficit

Alexia

A

Deficit in identifying written words

135
Q

Prosopagnosia

Damage to right hemisphere FFA (fusiform face area) or both

A

Deficit in recognizing familiar faces –may not even recognize own face

  • know what a face is
  • congenital or Bc of brain damage
136
Q

Optic disc

A

Where retina has a devoid of receptors Bc ganglion axons and blood vessels exit the eye there

137
Q

Don’t notice blind spot

A

Bc of top down guessing. Where brain fills in the missing information

Cog Psych Test 2 (2 decks)

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