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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Attentional Bottleneck

A
  • Attention acts as a filter, blocking unimportant stimuli and focusing cognitive resources on only the most important events
  • protects the brain from being overwhelmed by the world
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2
Q

Shadowing tasks

A

-Task where participant is asked to focus attention to one of the two stimuli and repeat the material presented in attended ear

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3
Q

Divided attention task

A
  • a task in which the Participant is asked to focus attention on two or more stimuli simultaneously
  • confirm that attention is a limited resource.
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4
Q

Early selection of attention

A

Unattended information is filtered out right away, at the level of initial sensory input.
(I.e. Shadowing experiments)

-before semantic and even basic perceptual analysis

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5
Q

Late selection of attention

A
  • After semantic analysis has occurred
  • important but unattended stimuli may undergo substantial unconscious processing up to level of semantic meaning and awareness before capturing attention (I.e. Hearing your name at a crowded bar)
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6
Q

Neural evidence for early selection

A

Larger N1 is observed in ERP for the attended ear of a dichroic listening task (where stimulus is input in both ears)

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7
Q

When late selection occurs

A

When perceptual load in attended channel is low, semantic processing In the unattended channel is possible

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8
Q

Feature search

A

Basic features like—motion, color and basic form—pop out.
-Can be processed before attention comes on line and before you process meaning of situation

-early attention

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9
Q

Conjunction search

A

Search for item based on two or more features (I.e. Size and color)

Requires attention because these different features are processed by different regions in the brain

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10
Q

Feature integration theory (FIT)

A

Theory that attention is the “glue” that binds features together so that objects can be perceived as a unit and selected for further processing

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11
Q

Illusory conjunctions

A

Mislicatiins of features can occur when spatial attention is impaired
-distracted/ poor visual conditions

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12
Q

2 ways to move attention

A

Covertly

Overtly

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13
Q

Covertly

A

Without repositioning the sensory organs

-uses Pulvinar (thalamus)

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14
Q

Overtly

A

Reposition the sensory organ

-uses superior colliculus (midbrain)

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15
Q

2 ways to guide attention

A

Endogenous

Exogenous

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16
Q

Endogenous

A

Directed voluntarily by internal goals of perceived

  • top down
  • symbolic cueing tasks (use arrows/ meaningful symbols to guide attentions)
  • slower onset but can be sustained
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17
Q

Exogenous

A

Drawn reflexively by information in the environment (involuntary)

  • bottom up
  • peripheral cueing tasks (use sensory stimulus to grab attention)
  • faster onset but diminishes quickly
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18
Q 
Valid cue
(Correct guidance= benefit)
A

Benefits reaction time ONLY if presented Briefly Before the target

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19
Q

Inhibition of Return

A

If there is a delay between cue and target, reaction time is slowed compared to invalid cue’s reaction time

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20
Q 
Invalid cues
(Incorrect guidance= cost)
A

Cue is not in the same place as the target

-slower to respond than neutral cue

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21
Q

Neural activity

A

Attention boosts neural activity Associated with the features or area of space your attending to

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22
Q

Dosal frontoparietal system

A

Endogenous–voluntary control

  • cognitive control
  • too down
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23
Q

Intraparietal sukcus (IPS)

A

Involved in voluntary top-down control of attention

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24
Q

Ventral temporoparietal system

A

Novelty detection

-Right side is dominant in attentional orienting

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25
Q

Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)

A

Role in shifting attention to a new location after target onset

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26
Q

Asymmetric attention control

A

Right hemisphere: takes care of both sides

Left hemisphere: only takes care of right side

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27
Q

Hemispatial neglect

A

Neglect to the side of space opposite of Lesion

-most commonly follows Right superior parietal damage—neglect left side of space

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28
Q

Balint’s syndrome

-bilateral damage to parietal lobe

A
  • difficulty directing attention overtly–eye movements
  • optic ataxia (cannot appropriately reach for things)
  • simultagnosia
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29
Q

Simultagnosia

A
  • restriction of attention

- can attend to only one object at at time

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30
Q

Simultaneous extinction

A

Find out

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31
Q

Executive functions

A

Carried out by prefrontal cortex

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32
Q

Taxonomy of executive functions

A

Establish and modify rules:

  • initiate new rules
  • inhibit inappropriate rules
  • shift among rules
  • relate rules

Contextual Control
-monitor whether rules are working

Working memory
-space for maintaining rules and info needed to execute rules

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33
Q

Dorsolateral PFC

A

Important for dealing with novel or ambiguous COGNITIVE decisions

  • develops new, inhibits old and tests rules
  • modifies behavior based on feedback

Maintain mental effort toward pursuit of goals even when distracted

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34
Q

Damage to dlPFC

A

-Perseveration—get stuck: unable to inhibit old rules

  • no long term goals
  • can cause apathy or abulia
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35
Q

Dysexecutive syndrome

A

Collection of deficits associated with dl PFC damage

-can be tested with Wisconsin card sorting test

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36
Q

Apathy

A

Lack of interest or concern

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37
Q

Ventromedial/orbitofrontal

A

Important for dealing with novel or ambiguous SOCIAL and EMOTIONAL decisions

  • evaluate meaning and appropriateness of possible responses in social context
  • infer mental states of others
  • integrate physiological info (gut feelings) into decision making
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38
Q

Damage to vmPFC

A
  • inappropriate affect, aggression, inability to control sexual impulses
  • impaired insight into self and others
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39
Q

Disinhibition Syndrome

A

Collection of deficits associated with vmPFC
-cannot judge self conscious emotions like guilt, jealousy, embarrassment

Severest case= sociopathy

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40
Q

Sociopathy

A

Engage in aggressive acts with little remorse and little care for others

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41
Q

Confabulation

A
  • damage to vmPFC
  • retrieve false information, but go with it and try to create an autobiographical narrative
  • “honest lying”
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42
Q

Abulia

A

Lack of ability to act decisively or make decisions

  • act slowly and are distracted easily
  • difficulty maintaining attention
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43
Q

Frontopolar

A

Portion of lateral PFC important for RELATING rules to create higher order, abstract models of the world (I.e. What if)

  • plan of larger goals with Su goals
  • complex relational and integrative processes
  • holding info seeking goals with long term rewards, not short term
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44
Q

Environmental Dependency Syndrome

A

Damage to anterior (polar) and medial regions
-behaviors initiated by external environment rather than internal goals

  • lack insight of causes and consequences of actions
  • stuck in here and now, not good at longer abstract goals
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45
Q

Imitation

A

Copy what they see

-physical, vocal, etc

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46
Q

Utilization behavior

A

Lack of top down influence, so when they see an object, they use it
-relies on external stimuli to trigger behavior

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47
Q

Raven’s Matrices IQ test

A

Requires integrating multiple rules
-like sudoku
-3x3 or more complex table with different pictures following different rules
Person is asked to complete last box

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48
Q

Tower of London

A

Requires multiple Su goals

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49
Q

Dorsomedial and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

A

Monitor and allocate resources for control of behavior

  • detect mismatch between internal top-down expected/ desired outcome and bottom-up external info
  • communicates with lateral PFC to indicate how much executive control is needed to keep behavior on track
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50
Q

The stroop task

A

-read words (that spell a color) and are in a specific color

  • word and color may be incongruent
  • incongruency activates ACC and relates to how much you slow down and adjust (monitoring)
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51
Q

Ventral ACC

A

Emotional

-More stimulate in ppl with depression

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52
Q

Damage to ACC

A

Does not impair performance on Stroop task

-ACC is correlated (no causation) to task

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53
Q

ERN

A

Error related negativity
(ERP is negative)

  • follows mistaken action:
    1. Motor mov’t that a participant realized is incorrect
    2. Feedback indicating action did not result in desired outcome

Amplitude of potential is positively related to engagement of control processes

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54
Q

Working memory

A
  • temporarily maintains and manipulates information not currently available to the senses
  • necessary for achieving short term behavioral objectives
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55
Q

From perception to memory

A

Encode (take in from senses) –store — retrieve

  • bottom up = transforming experience into memory
  • top-down = using past memories to shape experience
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56
Q

Models of working memory (WM)

A

Baddeley’s Model

Cowan’s Model

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57
Q

Baddeley’s Models

A

Storage of WM is separate from storage of Long term memory (LTM)

Separate buffers for different types of info (i.e. Episodic, visuospatial, etc.)

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58
Q

Cowan’s Model

A

No separate WM storage
WM is a spotlight of info in LTM

-central executive can manipulate a small subset of activated representations at a time

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59
Q

Manipulation of WM

A
  • dorsolateral anterior PFC

- compare and group info

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60
Q

Maintenance of WM

A

Initial retrieval of info
Ventral posterior PFC
-left vlPFC: verbal info
-right vlPFC: nonverbal/spatial info

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61
Q

Primacy effect

A

Superior performance seen in a a memory task for tens at the start of a list

-attributed to LTM

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62
Q

Recency effect

A

The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of the list

-attributed to short term memory…aka WM

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63
Q

Amnesia disrupts Serial Position Effect

A
  • intact recency effect Bc WM is normal

- impaired primacy effect Bc amnesia affects transfer of info to LTM, but leaves WM intact

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64
Q

Types of Long term Memory

A

Declarative

Nondeclarative

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65
Q

Declarative

A

Things you know that you can tell others

  • past we can represent using symbolic format (I.e. Language)
  • tested with EXPLICIT tests: ask them to think back and remember
  • involves some level of CONSCIOUS awareness in process of retrieval
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66
Q

Nondeclarative (procedural)

A

Things you know that you can show by doing (I.e. Riding a bike)

  • memory inferred by a change in performance due to previous experience (incremental learning)—->faster and more accurate
  • tested with IMPLICIT tests
  • does NOT involve CONSCIOUS recollection of the past events that led to the change
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67
Q

2 types of declarative

A

Episodic

Semantic

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68
Q

Episodic memories

A

Include specific info about the context (time and place) in which info was learned –like encoding episode
-examples: autobiographical memories, personal events

-uses hippocampus and prefrontal

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69
Q

Semantic

A

Memory associated with recalling facts
-example: word meanings, non-personal, general facts and events

-doesn’t involve prefrontal

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70
Q

Before consolidation

A

Need hippocampus AND cortical ares

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71
Q

Post consolidation

A

Cortical areas ONLY

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72
Q

Process of episode

A
  1. Engage in perceptual processing (v1)
  2. Hippocampus/ medial temporal lobe (MTL) bind together the cortical memory traces at encoding and reconstruct the memory at retrieval
  3. Using few retrieval cues, hippocampus can reactivate the whole memory trace
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73
Q

Memory retrieval

A

Construct memories from parts we can retrieve

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74
Q

false memories

A

Memories that are partly or wholly inaccurate but are accepted as real by person remembering it

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75
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Result of alcoholism–and poor diet

  • amnesia and confabulation
  • can see some recovery of function
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76
Q

3 types of Nondeclarative

A

Skill/Habit
Conditioning
Priming

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77
Q

Skill/Habits

A

Gradual improvement in performance with practice

Uses: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum

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78
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning associations between events

Uses: cerebellum

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79
Q

Priming

A

Improvement in processing a stimulus as a result of having seen it before

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80
Q

2 types of Priming

A

Perceptual

Conceptual

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81
Q

Perceptual priming

A

Identification is faster the 2nd time
-requires less mental effort to process 2nd time: decreased occipital temporal cortex

-priming based on visual form of words
Needs: occipitotemporal Cortex

82
Q

Conceptual priming

A

Word or picture identification is faster when semantically related item was previously shown

-priming based on word meaning
Needs: left lateral temporal PFC

83
Q

Patient HM

A

Bilateral removal of anterior medial temporal lobe with hippocampus

84
Q

Extensive Anterograde Amnesia

A

Cannot store NEW declarative information (loss of memories after cause of Amnesia)

-Bc of removal of hippocampus from both sides

85
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memories before what caused Amnesia

86
Q

Features of Amnesia (from MTL damage)

A
  1. Impaired encoding to LTM, but no problem with simple WM
  2. Impaired retrieval of memories encoded RIGHT before damage, less trouble retrieving memories encoded more “remotely”
  3. Impaired declarative memory (explicit) is impaired, but nondeclarative (implicit) is fine
87
Q

Ribot’s Law of Retrograde Amnesia

A

Memories encoded right before damage = more likely to be lost than those encoded much earlier

-suggest that consolidated memories become independent of MTL over time —only require Cortex

88
Q

WM changes

A

Rapid changes in electrical activity of the brain in form of Reverberating Circuit (a self exciting loop of neurons)

No structural changes

89
Q

LTM changes

A

reverberating Circuit remains active long enough—structural changes in those cells will result in Long term strengthening of connections

Yes Structural Changes

90
Q

Reverberating Circuit

A

PFC sends too down excitation signal to posterior representation

Posterior regions send message back to PFC about how excited they are

91
Q

Cellular Model of Memory

A

Hebbian Learning
-when axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B AND repeatedly takes part in exciting it to threshold….some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells….such that when cell A fires, response at Neuron B is potentiated

92
Q

Potentiated

A

Stable and Stronger EPSP response

93
Q

Long term Potentiation (LTP)

A

A stable and long term increase in the effectiveness of one neuron to stimulate another, following a period of repeated strong stimulation of that neuron by the other

-same amount of input now results in increased response

94
Q

Tetanus

A

Period of repeated strong stimulation

95
Q

Three principles of LTP

A

Cooperativity
Associativity
specificity

96
Q

Cooperativity

A

Weak input + Strong excitatory input —–> potentiation

97
Q

Associtativity

A

A neuron that is weakly active at the same time as stronger stimulation takes place will also have its synapse strengthened

-link weaker concepts to stronger ones

98
Q

Specificity

A

A neuron NOT active at the same time as stringer stimulation WILL NOT be affected

99
Q

Stages of LTP

A

Glutamate and two channels: AMPA and NMDA

100
Q

1.

A

Release of Glutamate opens AMPA receptor channels to allow influx of Na+ ions to depolarize membrane

More Glu = more deplorization

101
Q

2.

A

More depolarization causes NMDA to release Mg 2+ blocking the gate

Next time Glu released—-> open NMDA channels for Ca 2+ influx

102
Q

3.

A

Ca 2+ activates 2nd messenger systems that initiate pre and post synaptic changes

103
Q

Two phases of LTP

A

Early phase

late Phase

104
Q

Early Phase

A

WM —–> intermediate LTM

  • LTP for minutes/hours/days
  • increase post synaptic sensitivity to Glu
  • increase pre synaptic chance of Glu release

-remodels existing proteins
NO protein synthesis

105
Q

Late Phase

A

Intermediate LT—-> Permanent LT

  • LTP over weeks/months
  • NEW protein synthesis
  • allows changes to shape neuron
106
Q

Use it or lose it

A

Lose it = Neural Darwinism

Cells that Fire together, wire together

Cells that don’t fire together, DIE

107
Q

Emotion and memory

A

Amygdala is close to hippocampus. Emotional responses and experiences thus aid memory

108
Q

Dementia

Type of Alzheimer’s

A

Drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation

109
Q

Semantic dementia

Aka Frontotemporal Dementia

A

Lateral (inferior) temporal lobe

-progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both verbal and nonverbal domains

110
Q

Three models of emotion

A

Categorical theories
Dimensional theories
Component process theories

111
Q

Categorical theories

A

Basic vs complex emotions

112
Q

Basic emotions

A

Innate, pan cultural, evolutionarily old

-Examples: anger, sadness, happiness, fear, disgust, surprise

113
Q

Complex emotions

A

Learned, culturally and socially shaped

-examples: pride, embarrassment, guilt

114
Q

Disgust

A

Involves insula

115
Q

Fear

A

Involves amygdala

116
Q

Dimensional theories

A

Arousal (intensity) vs. valence (pleasantness)

Low pleasantness= negative emotion
High pleasantness = positive emotion

117
Q

Arousal

A

Involves amygdala when stimulus is presented subliminally

118
Q

Valence

A

Left lateral PFC = positive emotions—serve more linguistic and social functions

Right lateral PFC = negative emotions —- tend to be more reactive and survival related

119
Q

Component process theories

A

Organize emotion by type of cognitive and aage rice processes they invoke

120
Q

Amygdala

A

Particularly involved in fear
-activated by stimuli inducing fear when presented Supraliminally (when you are aware of it)

Responds more broadly to + or - arousing stimuli when stimuli are presented quickly (subliminally)

121
Q

Low road

A

Quick and dirty
Quick: direct route for sensory information to thalamus —> amygdala

Dirty: provides only outline of sensory info-low resolution

122
Q

High road

A

Slow and sure
Slow: goes to thalamus, then through primary sensory Cortex and beyond before reaching amygdala

Sure: all fine detailed conscious identification of sensory info

123
Q

Low road input

A

Olfactory info = direct to amygdala

Amygdala receives direct info about internal states from hippocampus, brainstem, ACC and orbital Cortex

124
Q

Low road feedback

A

Can feedback to the high road to enhance processing

  • vigilance: primes high route to pay attention
  • emotion depends modulation of visual processing
125
Q

Modern view of amygdala

A

Arousal detector

  • helps orient attentional resources towards relevant stimuli
  • important in cases of uncertainty – allocate attention in order to resolve uncertainty
126
Q

Fear conditioning

A

Pair an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to change the UCR to the UCS into a conditioned response (which in this case is fear)

-CS = something naturally initiating fear

127
Q

Areas involved in fear conditioning

A

Double dissociation:
-amygdala IS necessary for fear conditioning (not declarative memory)

-hippocampus IS NOT necessary for basic fear conditioning (But is for declarative memory)

128
Q

Contextual fear conditioning

A

When fear is associated with specific places or circumstances in addition to specific cues

-involves hippocampus too!

129
Q

Extinction

A

Present the conditioned stimulus without the UCS and the CR fear will stop

130
Q

Brain area involved in Extinction

A

Involves vmPFC

  • inhibits the amygdala
  • role in reversal learning
131
Q

Emotional preservation

A
  • Due to failure to extinguish fear response Bc cannot let stimuli go
  • can cause PTSD and Phobias

Decrease vmPFC —> increase amygdala activity

132
Q

Memory modulation stimulus

A

Amygdala enhances consolidation of emotionally arousing declarative memories

  • Bc amygdala has direct output to MTL–so activity in amygdala and hippocampus are coupled during encoding
  • release of STRESS hormones enhance influence of amygdala on hippocampus—max impact after coding
133
Q

Yerkes-Dodson curve

A

Inverted U

  • fear/dress and memory
  • memory performance is max when fear/stress based arousal is not too little or too much
134
Q

Emotion regulation

A

Conscious and unconscious attempts to influence the intensity, duration and quality of emotional experience

135
Q

3 methods of emotion regulation

A

Antecedent
Reactive
Mindfulness

136
Q

Antecedent

A

Generate new, adaptive responses IN ANTICIPATION OF emotion elicitors

137
Q

2 antecedent types

A

Situation selection

Cognitive reappraisal

138
Q

Situation selection

A

Avoiding emotional encounters altogether

139
Q

Cognitive reappraisal

A

Interpret the meaning of an elicitor in order to alter its emotional impact

140
Q

Reactive

A

Modify existing thoughts and reactions AFTER they unfold

-expressive suppression

141
Q

Expressive suppression

A
  • not show how you are feeling

- mask facial expression

142
Q

Mindfulness

A

Acceptance and nonjudgmental appraisal of experience to “let it go” and not perserverate

143
Q

Top down regulation of emotion

A

Up regulating –emphasizes the emotion

Down regulating –suppress emotion (decrease response to it)

144
Q

Up regulation brain activity

A

Increased activity in right amygdala and Medial orbitofrontal Cortex (MOFC)

145
Q

Reappraisal

A

Decreased: amygdala and MOFC activity

Increased: lateral PFC and fro to parietal attention network
- dlPFC involved in cognitive control of emotions

146
Q

Perceiving self

A

Self reflexive thought
Interception
Embodiment

147
Q

Self reflexive thought

A

Self centered:

  • You are an object
  • separate from others
  • subject to objective consideration
    • evaluate your strength compared to personal goals, other ppl, social norms
148
Q

Brain areas for default mode

A

Involves MEdial areas

  • medial PFC
  • posterior ACC
  • medial parietal

-external info (thinking of others) inhibits activity in this region

149
Q

Default mode

A

When nothing in external world grabs our attention, we DEFAULT to thinking about ourselves

150
Q

Interoception

A
  • internal perception

- self awareness of internal bodily sensations like pain, disgust, heart rate

151
Q

Region involved in interoception

A

Insula
Rostral ACC
Orbitofrontal Cortex

152
Q

Insula

A

(Inside the Sullivan fissure)

-able to recognize signals in themselves and others Bc of insula

153
Q

Rostral ACC

A

Involvement in pain

Emotional attention and awareness

154
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

Integrate physiological info (gut feelings) into decision making

155
Q

Embodiment

A

The sense of being localized within one’s own body

156
Q

Region involved in Embodiment

A

Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)

157
Q

TPJ

A
  • important for understanding where you are in space
  • stimulation can cause “out of body” experiences
  • also affected In hemispatial neglect
158
Q

Perceiving others

A

Social referencing
Joint attention
Social categorization

159
Q

Social referencing

A

Interpreting the facial, vocal, and body expressions of others to determine how to act in novel or ambiguous situation

160
Q

Joint attention

A

Use gaze direction and head/body position to figure out what someone is looking at
-important to learn info

162
Q

Joint attention brain area

A

Superior temporal Sulcus (STS)

163
Q

STS

A

Changeable aspects of faces
-eye gaze, expression, lip mov’t,

biological motion = posterior STS

-more active when actions violate expectations—more attention when given mixed signals

164
Q

Social categorization

A

Perception of identifying features in order to form impressions and place people into social categories

  • automatic
  • controlled
165
Q

Automatic

A

Fast and implicit

  • useful to rapidly identify friends vs foe
  • implicit outgroup stereotyping can cause social injustice
166
Q

Controlled

A

Slower and explicit

  • used to regulate and suppress automatic reactions
  • cognitive reappraisal
167
Q

Reappraisal of automatic stereotypes

A

amygdala not related to EXPLICIT measure of bias
-less stereotyping when think of ppl vs group stereotypes

view face for longer

  • increase dl, vl PFC and dorsal ACC activity
  • decrease amygdala
168
Q

Theory of mind (ToM)

A

Ability to represent and infer mental states (desires, beliefs, and intentions) of others (even when different from yours)

169
Q

ToM involves

A

Attributions and reasoning about own mental states

AND about other’s mental states
-understand and predict behavior of others
Even when others may have False Beliefs (and misunderstand a situation)
-allows you to project intentions different from your own internal beliefs to manipulate others behaviors —Deception

170
Q

Classic ToM test

A

False beliefs (sally basket and Anne box) test about where marble is

Autistic kids fail test

171
Q

ToM brain areas

A

Temporal pole
TPJ and STS
Paracingulate Cortex

172
Q

Temporal pole

A

Language, semantic memory and social meaning

173
Q

TPJ And STS

A

Embodiment,
biological motion,
detecting direction of eye gaze in others,
facial expressions

174
Q

Paracingulate Cortex

A

Ventral regions involved in attention to emotions

Not the same region involved in stroop task

175
Q

Empathy

A
  • emotional
  • faster and more automatic when making inferences about SIMILAR others

Activates vmPFC

176
Q

Sympathy

A
  • cognitive
  • slower and more intentional when thinking about dissimilar others

Activates dmPFC

177
Q

Expected value

A

Probability of an outcome x associated reward

178
Q

Expected utility

A

Psychological value assigned to an outcome.

179
Q

Diminishing marginal utility

A

Utility difference between 0 to 1000 is larger than difference between 100,000 and 101,000

180
Q

Reference dependence

A

Subjective vs objective value

  • ppl make decisions based on current state
  • slope is steeper for losses (more salient)
181
Q

Probability weighting

A
  • Overestimate low probability events

- underestimate high probability events

182
Q

Rationality

A

Consistency in decision making that results in the best value regardless of context

183
Q

Bounded rationality

A

Rational decisions bounded by our limited mental and physical resources

184
Q

Heuristics

A

Rules that simplify complex decisions

185
Q

Satisficing

A

It’s “good enough”

186
Q

Iowa gambling task

A

Four decks

  • A and B = high return and high loss
  • C and D = low return and low loss
187
Q

Gambling task and brain activity

A

Normal: avoid bad decks over time

  • show increase SCR (sweating)
  • increase arousal in thinking of bad deck

VmPFC patients–keep choosing bad deck
-steady SCR….no change when choosing bad deck….lack of arousal

188
Q

Somatic Marker Decision

A

Feelings have a direct and causal role in decision making

-vmPFC needed to allow you to use activity of ANS (gut response) to guide decisions

189
Q

Alternative explanations

A

Poor performance of vmPFC patients = failure of reversal learning
-important for extinction of conditioned behavior

190
Q

Ultimatum Game

A

Proposer
-propose a division of funds

Responder
-decide if you will accept this division
Accept = both get money
Reject = both get nothing

191
Q

Thoughts of game

A

Responder:

-conflict between what is offered and what you would have liked as an offer

192
Q

Ultimatum game Brain area

A

Insula

dlPFC

193
Q

Insula

A

More active for unfair offers
-predicts likelihood of REJECTION

Less insula activity when unfair offer is offered by computer Bc it’s not deemed intentional

194
Q

DlPFC

A

More active than insula when willing to accept unfair offer

  • cognitive reappraisal
  • self control
195
Q

Reward processing brain area

A

Mesocorticolimbic reward system

-uses dopamine

196
Q

Wanting vs liking

A

Neurons are more responsive to ANTICIPATION of reward than the reward itself

Anticipation = wanting

197
Q

Negative Reward prediction errors

A

Outcome is worse than expected

Dopamine signals the ABSENCE of reward by INHIBITING their firing

198
Q

Temporal discounting

A

Now is better than later

-value is discounted the longer you wait

199
Q

Subjective value of reward

A

Activity in mesocorticolimbic reward pathway

200
Q

Delay of gratification

A

Increase Activity in dlPFC and parietal Cortex increase likelihood of delay reward

201
Q

Inferior occipital gyrus and fusiform gyrus

A

Face identification– non changeable

Cog Psych Test 2 (2 decks)

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