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X-Ray Physics > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the five interactions with matter discussed in class are important in diagnostic level radiography?

A

Compton Effect and Photoelectric Effect

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2
Q

Which x-ray interaction with matter is more likely to occur with high atomic number tissues?

A

Photoelectric Absorption

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3
Q

Which x-ray interaction with matter is related to the energy of the x-ray photon?

A

Compton - increasing energy, increases the probability of it occurring. It is totally independent of atomic number of the material it is interacting with.

Photoelectric - decreasing KVP increases the probability of it occurring.

Classical - decreasing energy will lead to increase in probability.

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4
Q

Which x-ray interaction is the most likely to occur at energies below 10 keV?

A

Coherent Scatter

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5
Q

Which x-ray interaction with matter is most likely to occur at energies between 10-60 keV?

A

Photoelectric Absorption

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6
Q

Which x-ray interaction with matter is most likely to occur at energies greater than 60 keV?

A

Compton Scatter

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7
Q

Which shell level is ionized in the photoelectric absorption interaction?

A

Inner Shell

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8
Q

What happens to the original x-ray following the photoelectric interaction?

A

It is totally absorbed

Resulting in the bright areas on the radiograph

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9
Q

Which shell level is ionized in the Compton scatter interaction with matter?

A

Outer Shell

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10
Q

What happens to the original x-ray following the Compton scatter interaction?

A

Goes on to other reactions and creates fog.

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11
Q

What happens to the original x-ray following the Coherent scatter interaction?

A

There is a change in direction but no change in energy, therefore no ionization.

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12
Q

State three other names for the Coherent scatter interaction:

A

Rayliegh, Thompson, and Classical

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13
Q

State at least 2 advantages of tissue compression

A

It decreases the number of atoms in the path of the travel of the x-ray.
Decreased patient thickness = Decreased Compton Scatter

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14
Q

State at least 2 advantages of performing PA lumbar spine examinations instead of AP

A

It decreases radiation dose to the gonadal region
Decreases scatter
Improves detail

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15
Q

How does collimation to the film size or smaller effect the production of scatter radiation?

A

As the collimated field size decreases, compton scatter interactions also decrease (less atom at the path of travel).

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16
Q

How does collimation to the smallest field size possible effect radiographic contrast?

A

Increasing film size reduces scatter radiation.

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17
Q

When collimating down “significantly”, what must be done to maintain radiographic density?

A

mAs must be increased by 50%

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18
Q

How does kVp effect the production of scatter radiation?

A

Compton scatter interaction increases as kVp increases.

The ideal is no scatter

Scatter leads to poor contrast, fog, dull film

Increasing kVp will give long scale of contrast and thus lots of shades of gray

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19
Q

or every 4cm of tissue thickness increase mAs should be doubled.
True or False

A

True

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20
Q

State 2 AKA’s for SID?

A

FFD and TFD

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21
Q

State the inverse square law formula:

A

Inversely Proportional (old/new = new2/old2)

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22
Q

Density SID Equation

A

Directly Proportional (old/new = old2/new2)

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23
Q

The exposure rate 3 feet from a source of radiation is 40mR per hour. What is the exposure rate at 6 feet?

A

x = 9
40 = 36
(9/36) x 40 = 10

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24
Q

The exposure rate 3 feet from a source of radiation is 40mR per hour. What is the exposure rate at 12 feet?

A

2.5

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25
Q

A lumbar spine radiograph requires 30 mAs at 40” SID. What mAs will be required to achieve the same radiographic density if the SID is changed to 80”?

A

120 mAs

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26
Q

A cervical spine radiograph requires 12 mAs at 72” SID. What mAs is required to achieve the same radiographic density if the SID is changed to 40”?

A

3.7 mAs

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27
Q

What is the purpose of radiographic “Bucky” grid?

A

Reduce Compton Scatter

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28
Q

When is it necessary to use a grid?

A

> 10 cm Thickness

> 60kVp

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29
Q

What is the advantage of a high frequency grid?

A

Decreased line visibility

No need for a moving grid mechanism

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30
Q

Height of lead strips divided by width of lead strips is called?

A

Grid Ratio

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31
Q

What type of chiropractic practice would require a relatively high grid ratio?

A

Gonstead

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32
Q

There are 3 types of grids - name them

A

Parallel Linear, Crosshatch, Focused Linear

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33
Q

Why would you not want to purchase a crosshatch grid?

A

You can’t angle the central ray

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34
Q

Define grid radius

A

Proper SID range, Focal range proper focal range

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35
Q

Describe a radiograph taken at the improper grid radius.

A

THERE WILL BE LATERAL CUT-OFF ON BOTH EDGES

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36
Q

Define grid cutoff.

A

underexposed

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37
Q

grid frequency

A

OF GRID STRIPS PER CM OR INCH

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38
Q

State the three types grid movement.

A

OSCILLATING, RECIPROCATING, SINGLE STROKE/MANUALLY COCKED

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39
Q

What type of chiropractic practice would require a relatively low grid ratio?

A

upper cervical

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40
Q

Is a grid a radiation protection device - for the patient?

A

No

41
Q

Which ratio grid would require the greatest increase in exposure?

A

HIGHER GRID RATIO= HIGHER mAs

42
Q

Describe a radiograph that is taken with the central ray off center.

A

PRIMARY X-RAYS COLLIDE WITH STRIPS->GRID CUT OFF ON LATERAL EDGES

43
Q

Describe a radiograph that is taken with the beam angled to the left or the right

A

CUT-OFF ON ONE LATERAL EDGE

44
Q

Why are intensifying screens used with x-ray film

A

VISIBLE LIGHT FROM INTENSIFYING SCREENS PRODUCE THE IMAGE BY STIMULATING SILVER HALIDE ON FILM

45
Q

What is the film base made of

A

PLASTIC/MYLZA

46
Q

Why does a double-coated film emulsion result in a decrease in sharpness

A

THE FASTER THE FILM OR SCREEN THE THICKER THE EMULSION, LIGHT DIVERGES OVER EMULSION PRODUCING PENUMBRA

47
Q

Define latent image:

A

THE IMAGE ON THE FILM PRODUCED BY THE RARE EARTH CRYSTALS THAT IS NOT YET DEVELOPED

48
Q

Define manifest image:

A

IMAGE ACTUALLY SEEN ON FILM AFTER PROCESSING

49
Q

How is film manufactured to increase its’ speed

A

INCREASE THICKNESS=INCREASE SPEED

50
Q

Which of these imaging systems would you choose if you were imaging extremities, 100, 600, 1200?

A

100

51
Q

Which of these imaging systems would result in the most radiation exposure to the patient? 100, 600, 1200

A

100

52
Q

Which of these imaging systems would result in the least radiation exposure to the patient, 100, 600, 1200?

A

1200 speed

53
Q

Which of these imaging systems is the most consistent with the ALARA concept, 100, 600, 1200?

A

1200

54
Q

What is the cause of quantum mottle, what does it look like?

A

CAUSED BY DECREASED X-RAYS USED TO PRODUCE THE IMAGE. LOOKS GRAINY LIKE A LOW MEGAPIXEL CAMERA PIC

55
Q

Which of these imaging systems would result in a radiograph with the most quantum mottle, 100, 600, 1200?

A

1200

56
Q

What is the lowest film-screen system speed that you should consider using for routine spinal radiographs

A

400 speed

57
Q

What does the term film latitude mean

A

THE ABILITY OF THE FILM SCREEN SYSTEM TO ALLOW FOR ERROR, (LONG LATITUDE IS MORE FORGIVING), WIDE RANGE OF USEFUL DENSITIES

58
Q

How is film contrast related to film latitude

A

AS FILM LATITUDE INCREASES, FILM CONTRAST DECREASES, INVERSELY RELATED

59
Q

What color safelight is safe to use with both green and blue sensitive film(univeral)

A

RED, GBX SAFELIGHT

60
Q

How far away from the work surface should a safelight be hung

A

4 feet

61
Q

How do you know that the safelight filter is installed properly

A

WRITING IS ON THE OUTSIDE AND READ LEFT TO RIGHT

62
Q

What is the maximum wattage of a light bulb for the safelight

A

WHAT THE MANUFACTURER SAYS OR 15 WATTS OR LESS

63
Q

What color of light do rare earth screens emit, what type of film must be used with them

A

green yellow, green sensitive film

64
Q

What color of light must the intensifying screen emit for orthochromatic film to respond

A

green

65
Q

What color of light do calcium tungstate screens emit, what type of film must be used with them?

A

BLUE VIOLET, BLUE SENSITIVE FILM

66
Q

If a technique is based on 200 speed imaging system and requires 30 mAs, 80 kVp, 40” SID, what must be done to compensate if a new 600-speed system is used

A

USE 1/3 mAs=10 mAs

67
Q

When an artifact is demonstrated on a film as a result of something on the screen, what color will it appear. will it be sharp or blurred? why?

A

WHITE, SHARP DEBRIS BLOCKING LIGHT FROM INTENSIFYING SCREENS

68
Q

What should be used to clean an intensifying screen

A

SCREEN CLEANER AND LINT FREE GAUZE

69
Q

What temperature and humidity should film be stored at

A

68 DEG AND 40-60% HUMIDITY

70
Q

Where is the film’s expiration date located? what is the result of using film that is out of date?

A

ON THE BOX INCREASE FOG, DECREASE CONTRAST…BREAK DOWN OF SILVER HALIDE CRYSTALS

71
Q

What may appear on the film if the humidity is too low

A

BLACK ARTIFACTS FROM STATIC

72
Q

Why is the use of “split screens” considered obsolete

A

REQUIRES TOO MUCH EXPOSURE

73
Q

What should be done instead of using “split screens” why is this consistent with the concept of ALARA?

A

use filter, decreases patient exposure

74
Q

What is film emulsion made of?

A

SILVER HALIDE CRYSTALS SUSPENDED IN GELATIN

75
Q

This processing solution is alkaline

A

developer

76
Q

This processing solution is acidic

A

fixer

77
Q

This processing chemistry must be passed through a device to reclaim silver

A

fixer

78
Q

This processing solution consists of a reducing agent, activator, restrainer and preservative

A

developer

79
Q

What is the difference between automatic and manual processing developer

A

NO HARDENER IN MANUAL

80
Q

In manual processing where is the hardener found

A

fixer

81
Q

In automatic processing chemistry, where is the hardener found

A

IN DEVELOPER AND FIXER

82
Q

State the standard time-temperature for manual processing

A

5 MIN AT 68 DEG (64-72)

83
Q

You are performing manual processing. The developer temperature is 66 degrees Fahrenheit. How long should the film be developed

A

5 MIN 30 SEC ADD 15 SEC PER DEG DIFF

84
Q

What does exhausted developer look like

A

motor oil

85
Q

Describe how developer should be mixed

A

A->B->C->D PREVENTS DEVELOPER FROM OXIDIZING

86
Q

Why is there a floating lid on the developer replenisher chemistry

A

TO PREVENT OXIDATION OF CHEMICALS

87
Q

Why is the processor lid left open when the processor is off

A

TO PREVENT CONDENSATION FROM BUILDING UP/PREVENTS CONTAMINATION

88
Q

Why is the water tank in the processor drained when it is off

A

KEEPS ALGAE OUT OF TANK

89
Q

Describe how and when crossover rollers should be cleaned

A

EVERYNIGHT WITH WATER AND SYNTHETIC SPONGE, ONE COLOR FOR FIXER AND ANOTHER COLOR FOR DEVELOPER

90
Q

How often should the entire processor be drained, cleaned and replenished

A

MONTHLY (4-6 WEEKS, DOCUMENTED AND POSTED) Costs roughly $100
per clean up

91
Q

Which edge of the processor feed tray should be used and why

A

ALTERNATE TO AVOID OVERUSE OF MICROSWITCH

92
Q

Why does the direction of film transport through the processor matter?

A

To avoid to much chemistry being concentrated in one area of the film.

93
Q

What is the function of the developer?

A

Converting silver halide crystals to black metallic silver.

94
Q

What is the function of the fixer?

A

Takes the emulsion and hardens it. It clears and hardens the film. It
cleans off the unexposed/undeveloped halide crystals off the film. They are dissolved off. When we do silver recovery to get it back and keep it out of streams of water we pass the fixer through a silver recovery device.

95
Q

What would the image look like if the developer was too:

Cold?

A

Underexposed/Underreactive

96
Q

What would the image look like if the developer was too:

Concentrated?

A

Overexposed (Fog)

97
Q

What would the image look like if the developer was too:

Diluted?

A

Underexposed/underreactive

98
Q

What would the image look like if the developer was too:

Oxidized?

A

Underexposed/underreactive

X-Ray Physics (3 decks)

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