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X-Ray Physics > Everage's FINAL chance to sit on our faces > Flashcards

Everage's FINAL chance to sit on our faces Flashcards

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1
Q

What color should dark room be painted?

A

white

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2
Q

3 eq. of things associated with ALARA:

A

Time, distance, shielding (cardinal principals)

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3
Q

Male that recived radiation who had AS experienced

A

Leukemia

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4
Q

State the relationship between grid ratio and exposure

A

Direct

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5
Q

Of radical induced cancers, Which has shortest latent period?

A

Leukemia only 7 years

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6
Q

Upper cervical practitioners, what grid do you need?

A

8:1

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7
Q

Give eq. of RAD reduced response that follows threshold response

A

Cataracts

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8
Q

This type of grid with strips that converge with angle of ray

A

Divergence

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9
Q

Which way do you angle Central Ray with linear grid

A

vertical

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10
Q

What grid permits least degree of error?

A

high ratio in terms of lateral angle

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11
Q

State 2 of 3 grid Motions

A

Reciprocate, Single Stroke, Oscalating

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12
Q

Can pregnant women take xrays?

A

yes

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13
Q

Define reproducibility?

A

Ability to produce same output (visible image) within 5%

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14
Q

Why should processor lid be open when turned off?

A

To prevent cross contamination due to evaporation

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15
Q

In this Processing agent, hydraconen is used as a ________ agent

A

developer

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16
Q

Black tree light found due to low humidity and _______.

A

static electricity

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17
Q

Random effect due to RAD like cancer is called

A

stocastic

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18
Q

Describe effect of using oxidized developer on Non-threshold Effect:

A

a) Density is Dec. b) Contrast is Dec. (Gets Whiter)

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19
Q

White areas on film due to:

A

photoelectric absorption

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20
Q

What type of tissue is most likely to undergo photoelectric absorption:

A

bone enamal

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21
Q

% of time that 1º beam aimed at one wall

A

use factor

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22
Q

This term defined between of lead strips/lead interspace

A

grid ratio

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23
Q

State Opt. KVP Spine

A

70-90

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24
Q

State Opt. KVP extremities

A

50-60 if non bucky

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25
Q

At what KV is it necessary to use bucky grid?

A

60

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26
Q

Why is problem to use bucky if don’t need one?

A

increase exposure

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27
Q

14x17 is largest film size, what grid ratio should you purchace?

A

10:1

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28
Q

purpose of floating lid

A

To catches oxidized developer from hurting film

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29
Q

Relationship SID and Distortion

A

indirect

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30
Q

This mutation is unique to RAD exposure

A

none

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31
Q

Can human cells recover from RAD damage?

A

yes

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32
Q

Latent Image?

A

invisible image of film before processing

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33
Q

latitude?

A

the ability to allow for error (forgiveness)

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34
Q

Hypo is another name for:

A

fixer

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35
Q

The current cumulative lifetime MPD formula

A

age * 1

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36
Q

Where do you wear a personal disimone

A

collar

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37
Q

State time, temp. method of manual processing

A

5 min. @ 68º

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38
Q

Developer temp. is 72º, how long do you develop

A

4 min

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39
Q

How do you install safe light filter?

A

Read words from left to right…b/c of gelatin must be away from the bulb

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40
Q

Film emulsion has these crystals suspended in gelatin

A

Silver halide crystals

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41
Q

Oxidized developer looks like

A

Coke or used motor oil

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42
Q

Proper name for film grainyness

A

quantom Mottel

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43
Q

How do you Dec. Q. Mottel

A

decrease system speed (dec. film screen speed)

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44
Q

What another way to decrease Q. Mottel

A

use higher mAs

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45
Q

Describe effect of crossover on blur

A

Inc. Blur (crossover = light striking through all parts of screen as it crosses through.

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46
Q

This type of contrast produced by High KVP, Low MAS techniques

A

long scale

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47
Q

What occurs if film screen contact occurs?

A

fog and blur

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48
Q

How far should safe light be from bench

A

4 feet

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49
Q

Relationship between film screen system speed and sharpness

A

inverse

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50
Q

Where is floating lid located?

A

on top of developer

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51
Q

Floating lid is in the replenishment tank

A

true

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52
Q

What does developer roller look like:

A

rubbery and the other one is wood

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53
Q

State max safelight bulb

A

15 watt

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54
Q

Where is hardener found in automatic developing

A

fixer and developer

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55
Q

State annual MPD for extremities

A

50 REM

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56
Q

State annual MPD for general public:

A

.1 REM

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57
Q

State annual MPD for occupational

A

5 REM

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58
Q

MPD for pregnant

A

.5 REM/gestation period

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59
Q

Give the 3 factors that produce scatter

A

Collimation, KVP, and Patient Thickness

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60
Q

What would overdeveloped look like

A

Dark

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61
Q

What causes small white specks on film

A

dirty screen

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62
Q

Purpose of control badge

A

Monitors transport RAD

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63
Q

Name of XRAY reaction with matter, Fog

A

compton scatter

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64
Q

As FFD, TFD, & SID Inc. blur does what

A

Decrease

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65
Q

What is grid frequency:

A

of strips/ cm

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66
Q

Why is advantages to have high grid frequency

A

Don’t need moving grid and no lines on the film

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67
Q

Undesirable absorption of 1º beam XRAYs

A

grid cut-off

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68
Q

Describe appearance of grid cut off due to lateral exposure

A

light on one side

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69
Q

Describe grid cut off when CR is off center

A

underexposed on one side

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70
Q

Describe grid cut off SID is too Short

A

underexposed on both sides

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71
Q

Describe grid cut off SID is too Long

A

underexposed on both sides

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72
Q

Out of total filtration required, how much added by manufactor

A

2mm A1 equivilant

73
Q

Out of total filtration required, how much is considered

A

0.5 mm

74
Q

Name 5 RAD protection devices

A

Shelding, collimation, Inc. developed system speed, opt. KVP, filters, intensifying screens

75
Q

This color safe light is used with other chromatic (green) film

A

GBX Red

76
Q

Describe degree and direction with crosshatch grid

A

perpendicular and no angle

77
Q

State level of fetal exposure under which no therapudic absorption is ecomended

A

below 10 RAD

78
Q

Leakage Radiation

A

not from port

79
Q

10 day rule (selective scheduling)

A

X-ray the first ten days following 1st day of period

80
Q

Controlled area, Area where people work near XRAY or something like that:

A
  1. Can have 10x RAD that uncontrolled can have
81
Q

Results in innershell radiation

A

photoelectric absorption

82
Q

What cause processed radiosgraphs to Δ color with age

A

too much fixer

83
Q

Proper range of humidity for film storage

A

40-60%

84
Q

6 RAD induced malignancy

A

Leukemia, Skin Cancer, Thyroid, Bone, Lung, and Breast.

85
Q

Example of radiation induced response relationship threshold dose relationship

A

Cataracts and sterility

86
Q

3 factors that influence compton scatter interaction

A

Kv bt 60 and 125 , thickness, collimated field size

87
Q

Male therapy for ankylosing spondolytis increases in

A

Increases in leukemia

88
Q

2 devices to reduce scatter radiation

A

Bucky grid and collimator, compresision band

89
Q

-mutation unique to radiation exposure

A

none

90
Q

SID relationship to magnification

A

inversely related

91
Q

5 radiation induced malignancies associated with radiation

A

Thyroid, and breast, skin, bone, lung

92
Q

x-ray interaction that results in inner shell ionization

A

photoelectric absorption

92
Q

1 disadvantage of using bucky grid

A

increase exposure

93
Q

silver halide converted to black metallic silver

A

developer

94
Q

where is a personal dissimeter worn

A

On collar or outside the apron

95
Q

state the whole body MPD per year exposure

A

5 REM

96
Q

causes sharp white very sharp specks on film

A

dust or litter on film or screen

97
Q

safe light filter required for rare earth screen comb.

A

red

98
Q

orthrochromatic refers to this type of film

A

Rare earth type, green sensitive

99
Q

describe degree of central ray angulation used with a crossed hatch grid

A

None, must be perpendicular

100
Q

this type of grid is designed so that the strip coincides with the beam

A

focused

101
Q

what is leakage radiation

A

Radiation from tube housing other than 1 port

102
Q

level of fetal exp. below which not therapeutic abortion recommended

A

10 RAD

103
Q

cutoff of using improper SID

A

Underexposed on both sides

104
Q

purpose of tissue compression

A

To decrease scatter and exposure

105
Q

this process turns radiograph yellow with stain

A

Fixer/hypo retention, too long in the fixer

106
Q

clean and intensifying screen

A

Gauze, manufacturers recommend wipe in 1 direction

107
Q

what effect would excess developer temp rad

A

Radiograph would be too dark, overexposed

108
Q

excess time in developer look like

A

Overexposed, black

109
Q

use of oxidized developer would result in a radiograph that would be

A

Underexposure

110
Q

open a cassette in daylight

A

purple

111
Q

-open a cassette in daylight, and process

A

black

112
Q

film out of film bin into processor

A

clear blue

113
Q

why bluish tint to film base

A

Easier on eyes, cuts down glare

114
Q

stage of processing latent is converted to manifested image

A

developer

115
Q

purpose of fixer

A

clears off undeveloped crystals

116
Q

PBL device?

A

Positive beam limitation, collimator is the device

117
Q

interaction with matter results in fog

A

compton scatter

118
Q

purpose of airgap technique

A

Decrease scatter, without grid to reduce exposure

119
Q

HQ is used as a reducing agent in..

A

In developer

120
Q

-thiosulfate used as a clearing agent in

A

fixer

121
Q

relationship b/t system speed and exposure

A

inc system speed decrease rad exposure

122
Q

-relationship b/t speed and sharpness

A

Sharper at a slower speed

123
Q

-relationship b/t crossover exposure and sharpness

A

Increase crossover decrease sharpness

124
Q

relationship b/t film contrast and film latitude

A

High contrast is opposite of long latitude=film responds to wide range of useful density

125
Q

-MPD for extremities annual MPD

A

50 REM per year

126
Q

-occurs of film screen contact is poor

A

Blurring b/c light is allowed to spread

127
Q

What device is used to test for film screen contact?

A

a copper screen, wire mesh

128
Q

Type of luminescence appropriate for intensifying screens?

A

Green/yellow, rare earth type

129
Q

What type of luminescence do our screen exhibit?

A

flurescence

130
Q

What do you call the percentage of time a primary beam is aimed at a particular wall?

A

use factor

131
Q

Which is most consistent with quantum mottel?

A

higher speed

132
Q

Old formula for determining the maximum cumulative exposure for a occupationally exposed in person?

A

5(n-18)

133
Q

Developer converts silver halide to?

A

black metallic silver

134
Q

What is reproducibility?

A

It is the ability to produce same image with same mA, time and KVP

135
Q

What happens if the thickness of the object and size when comptom scatter increases and KVP?

A

increases

136
Q

Describe classical scatter in terms of energy loss and change of direction

A

The photon strikes the atom, it interacts with the outer shell and gives up no energy but does change direction

137
Q

What two probabilities that an electron will undergo photoelectric absorption interaction?

A

a) low energy b) high atomic number

138
Q

Archival quality of film is established in this stage of processing?

A

fixer

139
Q

How often are firm badges monitored?

A

monthly

140
Q

TLD badges?

A

every three months

141
Q

At this level of exposure no genetic or somatic damage occurs

A

none

142
Q

Film badge reports express occupationally exposed persons dosage in these units?

A

Millirem/seivert

143
Q

Improper grid radius results in this pattern of grid cutoff? Unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral

144
Q

Describe SID and sharpness relationship?

A

SID increases, sharpness increases

145
Q

Define what is PBL?

A

Positive Beam Limitation, it is a collimator

146
Q

Two purposes of fixing?

A

a) to clear off undeveloped silver halide b) harden film

147
Q

Remnant radiation is?

A

Rays that interact and make the image, transmitted and scattered rays.

148
Q

What is the relationship between the reflective layer and screen speed?

A

The reflective layer and redirect isotropic rays going away from the film, more light make it to the film so the speed of the system is greater

149
Q

what is the effect of reflective layer on sharpness?

A

decrease

150
Q

This color safe light filter is required for rare earth film screen combinations?

A

Red, GBX

151
Q

Central ray may be angled in this direction when using a linear grid?

A

In the direction of the strips, in our case, cephalad and caudal

152
Q

Three advantages of tissue compression?

A

Reduced scatter, less exposure, improves contrast, improves detail, can decrease ovarian disease

153
Q

Total filtration is?

A

.5 mm inherent, 2mm aluminum equiv.= 2.5 mm equiv.

154
Q

Why is a cross hatch grid not recommended?

A

Less margin of error and you have to aim the beam perfectly, no angling in any direction, much more sensitive to short or long SID’s

155
Q

Ground the film loading bench, why?

A

to avoid static

156
Q

Where is the hardener found manual processing?

A

in the fixer

157
Q

What is TVL.?

A

Tenth value layer, thickness of a material that will reduce the intensity of the beam to one tenth it’s value

158
Q

Effect of using oxidized developer on density and contrast

A

Density decreases and contrast decrease

159
Q

Effect of using a higher than appropriate developing temperature on both density and contrast

A

Density increases, contrast decreases

160
Q

Dark room should not be painted this color?

A

Black, need color to reflect safe light

161
Q

Silver is reclaimed from?

A

the fixer

162
Q

Full spine x-rays are taken with what grid?

A

12:1

163
Q

This type of effect is a random effect from chronic low dose exposure?

A

stochastic

164
Q

What different types of exposure are allowed in a controlled area vs uncontrolled?

A

Primarily occupied by radiation workers, people who also may have a benefit rather than a risk. The controlled area can received up to 10 times the exposure of uncontrolled area

165
Q

Relationship between grid ration and radiation exposure?

A

Higher the ratio, the more exposure, higher grid ration, less consistent with ALARA

166
Q

According to Gurney-Mott theory, this is the latent image formation center?

A

sensitivity spec

167
Q

With upper cervical technique, what is the recommended grid ratio?

A

8:1

168
Q

Regular full spine (14 x 17), what is ratio

A

10:1

169
Q

In order from most sensitivity to least

A

WBC and RBC, Epithelial cells, muscle and nerve cells

170
Q

Two benefits to using compensating filtration?

A

Less exposure to the patient and a more uniform density on the film

171
Q

Linearity?

A

The ability to change mA and time and get the same amount of mAs

172
Q

your appropriate effective radiation dose is: (spine)

A

1.5 mSV (15 REM)

173
Q

your appropriate effective radiation dose is: (extremity)

A

0.001 mSv (.0001 REM)

174
Q

Comparable to natural background radiation for: (spine)

A

3 hours

175
Q

Comparable to natural background radiation for: (extremities)

A

7 weeks

176
Q

additional lifetime risk of fatal cancer from examination: (spine)

A

very low

177
Q

additional lifetime risk or fatal cancer from exam: (extremities)

A

negligible

X-Ray Physics (3 decks)

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