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Roseberry > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Origins: East Asia

A

Japan, Korea, China

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2
Q

Origins: Southeast Asia

A

Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Burma, Vietnam, Malaysia

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3
Q

Origins: South Asia

A

Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka

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4
Q

Asian KEY RELIGIONS:

A

Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism

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5
Q

Pew Research Center 2017:

Asian immigrants projected to become…

A

Asian immigrants projected to become the largest foreign born group in the US by 2055

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6
Q

Many Indians in the U.S. are Brahmin..

A
  • Highest in caste system
  • Represent wealthy people
  • High priority on careers in science, medicine
  • Caste system alive and well
  • Many Sikh Indians in CA today (darker skinned Indians may experience discrimination from lighter-skinned Indians- colorism)
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7
Q

Former student Harpreet: (Indian)

Lighter skinned indians

A
  • Lighter-skinned Indians in middle school would not let her associate with them
  • Bullied because she is darker and of a lower caste
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8
Q

Sonam R., 2016: (Indian)

Intermarriage between castes

A
  • There is NO intermarriage between castes

- Girls are encouraged to stay home

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9
Q

CONTRASTNG BELIEFS, VALUES, AND PRACTICES

ASIANS VS mainstream

A
  • Fatalism
  • Tradition, living with the past
  • Group welfare
  • Mutual interdependence
  • Hierarchy, rigid role status
  • Conformity
  • Encourages continued dependence on family (older sibs HELP)
  • Parent is authority; expects submission, unquestioning obedience
  • Parents ask ch “What can you do to help me?”
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10
Q

CONTRASTNG BELIEFS, VALUES, AND PRACTICES

Asians vs MAINSTREAM

A
  • Personal control over envt., one’s fate
  • Change, future orientation
  • Self actualization, privacy
  • Independence, indiv. autonomy
  • Equality, status determined by achievement
  • Challenge authority
  • Early indep. encouraged
  • Parent gives choices indep. thinking encouraged
  • Parents ask ch “What can I do to help you?”
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11
Q

For children, many Asian families believe in (in contrast to traditional U.S. families)

A
  • Self expression not important
  • Learn by observing not by exploring
  • Best– seen not heard
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12
Q

Having children is important—Fidela B., 2016, Laotian:

A
  • Under a lot of pressure to get married (she’s around 25)

- Mom: “Your eggs are dying.”

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13
Q

Customs and Courtesies (Asian)

A
  • Hospitality
  • Respect for elders, teachers, authority figures
  • Modesty, humility
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14
Q

Communication Styles (Asian)

A
  • Formal rules of communication propriety based on relative status of interlocutors
  • May be considered appropriate to ask personal questions
  • Indirectness often the norm re: touchy subjects
  • Some Asians may smile or laugh when embarrassed or angry
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15
Q

Filipino cultural values:

A
  • Amor proprio- respect- saving face so no one is ashamed

- Pakikisama- good feelings- getting along– preserving harmony

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16
Q

Health care and Disabilities (Asian)

A
  • Visible vs. invisible disabilities
  • Disabilities fate, karma, sins committed by ancestors
  • Families may be ashamed to bring a child for help if his/her disability represents sins committed by parents/ancestors
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17
Q

As SLP’s for (Asian)

A

We may have trouble getting families to acknowledge disabilities and sign IEPs for special education services

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18
Q

Asian Education

A
  • Hugely valued

- Asian children attend preschool at a higher rate than other groups

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19
Q

California Educator—Asians in the U.S. have the highest rates of:

A
  • College degree attainment
  • # of persons w/ advanced degrees
  • Working in highly skilled occupations (outperform Whites)
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20
Q

However, in California: (California Educator continued)

-completing high school

A
  • 40% of Hmong, 38% of Laotians and 35% of Cambodians don’t complete high school
  • Due to poverty
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21
Q

In most Asian countries, there is:

A
  • Great respect for teachers
  • Heavy reliance on rote learning, memorization
  • Teachers are very authoritarian
  • Class is formal; teachers lecture
  • Teachers don’t admit mistakes
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22
Q

Differences–Asian and American Schools (Stevenson; compared Beijing & Chicago)

A
  • Long days, but lots of recess (in Asian schools)
  • 3x more American than Asian mothers “very satisfied” w/ their ch’s progress
  • U.S. ch ranked themselves much higher than Chinese Ch, even though Chinese Ch ahead academically in all subjects
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23
Q

When asked what they’d wish for:
American ch, Chinese ch, Confucian beliefs
What are supreme?

A
  • American Ch: $$ & material objects; less than 10% expressed wishes about education
  • Almost 70% of Chinese Ch focused wishes on college
  • Confucian beliefs– individual differences in ability de-emphasized
  • EFFORT and DILIGENCE are supreme
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24
Q

Abboud & Kim

-Role of Asian families

A
  • Role of Asian children in families: 1) respect elders and obey parents, 2) work hard and do well in school to secure a bright future
  • Many Asian parents work hard all day and morph into educators at night—that is their role
  • Asian parents put academics first, while other parents often put sports/athletics first; kids are too tired to study
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25
Q

What are many Asian parents unaware of?

What does it help increase?

A

Many Asian parents unaware of afterschool clubs and extracurricular
Help increase awareness

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26
Q

ASIAN LANGUAGE CONSIDERATIONS

-many languages have..

A

Many languages have numerous dialects

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27
Q

Some Languages are Tonal, some are not(Asian)

A
  • Khmer (Cambodia), Japanese, Korean not tonal languages
  • Vietnamese, Chinese, Laotian are tonal; each tone represents a meaning change
  • Vietnamese has 6 tones, for example
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28
Q

Linguistically…(Asian)

-some countries are..

A
  • Some countries are monolingual
  • E.g., in Laos—Lao; Japan—Japanese
  • However, in some countries, many langs
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29
Q

Implications for individuals (Asian)

A
  • We may need to address the husband first because the wife is subordinate
  • It may be disgraceful for the family to admit to or discuss a child’s disability; entire family lineage disgraced—intervention may be rejected
  • Some families do not believe that it is important to talk with young children and babies; may not be open to early intervention
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30
Q

Implications for individuals (Asian)

A
  • We may need to address the husband first because the wife is subordinate
  • It may be disgraceful for the family to admit to or discuss a child’s disability; entire family lineage disgraced—intervention may be rejected
  • Some families do not believe that it is important to talk with young children and babies; may not be open to early intervention
  • Teach Asian ch “home” and “school” rules for talking
  • Analyze expressive lang skills by evaluating writing, not speaking (quiet in class)
  • Some families dislike “game” format of tx—prefer structured drill activities
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31
Q

To, Stokes, Cheung, & T’sou (Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research) Narrative assessment for Cantonese-speaking children.
-Narrative skills

A
  • Narrative skills strong predictors of later language outcomes
  • This study attempted to create some norms for evaluating narrative skills of Cantonese-speaking children
  • Studied typically-developing subjects and those with specific language impairment (SLI)
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32
Q

The researchers found that..(To, Stokes, Cheung, & T’sou)
-narrative assessment

A
  • Narrative assessment can be reliably and validly standardized for use w/ Cantonese- speaking (CS) ch
  • CS ch w/ SLI: great difficulty using appropriate syntactic complexity when telling stories in Cantonese
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33
Q

These children also..(To, Stokes, Cheung, & T’sou)

-CS ch showed..

A
  • Showed limited anility to present as many ideas

- Used nonspecific terms (e.g., “The girl did the leg of the cat” rather than “The girl bandaged the leg of the cat”)

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34
Q

Assessment of children’s narrative skills..

Asian

A

is very promising differentiating lang. difference from LI

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35
Q

It is important for us to understand Filipinos…

  • In 2000…
  • In recent years..
A
  • In 2000, there were 24,516 Filipinos in Sacramento County

- In recent years, this has increased to 41,455 (69% increase)

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36
Q

Former Students (Asian)

  • Filipinos predominately..
  • Family
  • How many dialects?
A
  • Filipinos predominantly Roman Catholic —enlist help of priest, church members
  • Family–huge sacrifices to come to U.S. for a better life for Ch
  • 150 dialects
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37
Q
  • What do Filipinos love?
  • What do we do when making tx recomms?
  • Talk about ch’s…
A
  • Filipinos love personal touch- e.g., pulling out pics of your kids- can relate to you better
  • When making tx recomms, say “we” not “you”
  • Talk about ch’s strengths before weaknesses/deficits
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38
Q

-Bahala na
-What do we talk about?
(Asian)

A
  • Bahala na– leave it to God– it’s out of your hands anyways
  • Talk about education – how tx relates to ch doing better academically
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39
Q

-Not all Filipinos speak..
-Extracurricular activities..
-As a ch you are what?
(Asian)

A
  • Not all Filipinos speak Tagolog! Be careful -> interpreter
  • Extracurricular activities not emphasized; academics much higher priority
  • As a ch, you are your parents’ future– take care of them in old age
40
Q

-What do parents push for?
-Who has career freedom?
(Asian)

A

-Parents push for math, science majors; “safe” careers so ch will not be poor
-More career freedom for sons than daughters
Oldest sibling- lots of responsibility

41
Q

-What should you hide?
-Many Filipinos have..
-What may not transfer to U.S?
(Asian)

A
  • Hide tattoos- prison
  • Many Filipinos have maids, esp. to help care for ch
  • College credits, creds/degrees may not transfer to U.S.
42
Q

Tasha Ketphanh—Laos:

Education not important

A
  • Grew up in Sacto on welfare
  • Education not important—you’re just going to work in rice fields
  • Laotians ↑st prison population of Asians
  • Don’t ever look an adult in the face
  • Don’t touch people’s heads
  • White string bracelet fends off bad spirits
  • Jewelery is big– bling scares ghosts away
  • In Laos, people with physical disabilities live on the outskirts of the city– afraid they’ll scare ch
  • Boys taken as soldiers– 10 years old
43
Q

I have found that Asians are:

A
  • Are generally terrific to work with
  • Very appreciative
  • If they understand WHY, they will do carry over
44
Q

Background info (PI)
Population:
Main areas:

A
  • population: 1=Hawaiians, 2=Samoans, 3=Chamorros (Guam)
  • PIs have been influenced by many different cultures
  • Main areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia
45
Q 
(PI)
Race alone:
Race alone or in combination:
AAPIs comprise: 
Expected:
What do Samoans in the U.S. experience?
A
  • In the U.S., the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander group has grown**
  • Race alone: 9.3% growth
  • Race alone or in combination: 139.5%
  • AAPIs comprise 4% of the total U.S. population
  • They are expected to reach 10% of the population by 2050
  • Unfortunately, some PIs such as Samoans in the U.S. experience abject poverty
46
Q

CULTURAL CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES (PI)

A
  • Hospitality, generosity, and sharing are very important

- Attitudes towards life are relaxed

47
Q

Education (PI)

A
  • Based on oral learning
  • Rate memorization; children are taught to conform, not be individualistic and creative
  • Things are done in groups not individually
  • Resources life books are challenging to come by
48
Q

California Educator: (PI)
Significant numbers..
Many..

A
  • Significant numbers of students from Tonga, Fiji, and the Solomon Islands who struggle
  • Many-first in their families to attend college
49
Q

In the Fijiian village of Natawadawadi…

A
  • No electricity or running water
  • In junior high-boarding school in Nadi
  • Children swim to school
50
Q

(PI)
Education style..
Some Guam schools..
Denise: teachers..

A
  • Educational style very relaxed
  • Some Guam schools closed because of high teacher absenteeism
  • Former student Denise: teachers came if felt like it “what would you like to do today?”
51
Q 
(PI)
School in U.S.->
High drop out rate..
Earning higher degrees-
Children should...
A
  • School in U.S. -> major adjustment
  • High drop out rate of Islander stuents in U.S.
  • Earning higher degrees- low priority
  • Children should go to work ASAP
52
Q 
PACIFIC ISLAND FAMILY LIFE (PI)
-Extended families..
Child care..
Heavy emphasis on..
Emphasis on..
A
  • Extended families are common
  • Child care is provided by multiple caregivers
  • Heavy emphasis on authority and respect
  • Emphasis on well-being of family, not individual rights
53
Q

For example, in Samoa:
Families..
No word for..

A
  • Families look poor to outsiders, but no homelessness-everyone is provided for
  • No word for “person”- you-re part of the whole group
54
Q

Mokuau, M., & Tauili’ili, P.: (PI)

Samoans often take..

A

Samoans often take extended family and church more seriously than money, school, and career

55
Q 
(PI)
Some societies, like the chamorros of Guam..
Physical punishment...
Domestic violence..
Work with...
A
  • Some societies, like the chamorros of Guam, are matriarchal
  • Physical punishment is common in Samoa
  • domestic violence may occur in some Islander cultures
  • Work with local community and churches
56
Q

HEALTH CARE AND DISABILITIES (PI)

  • in Samoa,
  • Chamorro of Guam
  • hawaii
A

-Lots of Otitis media with effusion(OME)
-Children may be exposed to mercury from seafood-may experience lower IQ’s, cognitive and linguistic problems
-In Samoa, intolerance for disabilities
-Chamorros of Guam view a disability as a gift from god
Hawaii-disabilities have spiritual causes

57
Q 
(PI)
Sickness/Disability may..
Guam-suruhano
Hawaiians-kahuna lapa'au
when people rely on faith healers..
A
  • Sickness/disability may call on faith healers or practerioners of folk medicine
  • Guam-suruhano or faith healers who are highly respected
  • Hawaiinas-kahuna lapa’au or “medical experts” who use prayer, massage and herbs
  • When people rely on faith healers, SLP’s may be viewed as unimportant
58
Q

ASHA Leader articles: (PI)
In Guam and the Virgin Islands..
Many individuals are denied services because of:

A
  • In Guam and the Virgin Islands, shortage of SLPs, especially in hospitals
  • Many individuals are denied services because of :
    1. lack of practioners
    2. stigma-special needs
59
Q

(PI)
Major risk factors:
Tiffany from Hawaii:

A
  • Major risk factors: hypertension, high cholesterol
  • Almost 30% of APIs have high cholesterol
  • Tiffany from Hawaii: a watermelon is $15
60
Q

2016: (consumer.healthday.com) (PI)
Cancer..
Who are less likely to be diagnosed with cancer before it spreads?

A
  • Cancer leading cause of death
  • Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders are less likely than whites to be diagnosed with cancer before it has spread
61
Q

Communication Styles (PI)

A
  • In order not to offend, many islanders will say what they think the listener wants to hear.
  • Childs primary experiences in interacting are with other children, not adults
  • In “falk story” children listen to elders talk about days of old
62
Q

Research of Schieffelin Ochs compared American and Samoan mothers

A
  • Samoan children expected to accommodate to adults; U.S. adults accommodate to child
  • U.S. mothers speak “motherese” but Samoan mothers don’t simplify their register for young children
63
Q

Language Considerations (PI)

A
  • Over 1200 indigenous languages are spoken in the Islands

- Language is influenced by culture

64
Q

(PI)
The apostrophe..
Some children speak..

A

-The apostrophe in a word is produced as a glottal stop
-For example:
Hawai’i
Tau’ili’ili
-Some children speak pidgin English/Hawaiian creole and need support in acquiring formal English

65
Q

Implications for SLPs(PI)

A
  • We must fully understand paperwork requiring signatures
  • Be careful about requesting parents to come to school
  • Use a collective rather than individual story telling
  • Explain pragmatic rules in U.S. culture-greeting, complimenting, leave-taking, etc.
  • Reinforce literacy
  • Provide cooperative (not competitive) learning opportunities
66
Q

(ME)
Middle East is approximately..
Largest population…
Majority of ME are…

A
  • Middle East is approximately the size of the U.S
  • Largest population group is the Arabs
  • Majority of Middle Easterners are Muslim
67
Q

(ME)

  • ↑ 95%..
  • Americans negative stereotypes! Terms most associated with ME:
A

-↑ 95% of Arabic speakers in Middle East (ME) are Muslim**
-Americans–negative stereotypes! Kamalipour survey found terms most associated w/ MEs:
Oil
Mean people
Dark skin
Terrorism

68
Q

Middle Eastern Language considerations

A
  • Arabic is the world’s sixth most common language
  • Other common languages: Kurdish, Farsi, Turkish, Urdu
  • Arabic has many spoken dialects
69
Q 
(MI)
what is the language of the Koran? 
The koran is considered..
All muslims use..
how many letters are in the Arabic alphabet?
Arabic and Farsi are...
A
  • Written or classical Arabic is the language of the Koran**
  • The Koran is considered the ultimate book of style and grammar for Arabs
  • All Muslims must use Arabic in their daily prayers
  • 29 letters in the Arabic alphabet
  • Arabic and Farsi are written from right to left
70
Q

Health and Disabilities: (MI)

  • Family intermarriage is..
  • Disabled child:
  • Reactions:
  • Woman may not..
  • in some countries…
  • Some may not..
  • Families..
  • Disabled–
A
  • Family intermarriage is linked to a large number of childhood disorders found in Arab countries
  • Disabled child: mother feels shame and guilt; father views as defeat, blemish on family’s pride
  • Reactions: abandonment, overprotection, denial, isolation
  • Women may not be seen by male doctors
  • In some countries such as Afghanistan, disabled considered “helpless.”**
  • Some may not go to school or obtain jobs (even men).
  • Families stay home and take care of their disabled family members, and rarely let them make decisions.
  • Disabled–limited rights.
71
Q

2016 Miriam A. from Palestine & Lebanon (mom from Yemen)

-Aunt with DS

A
  • Aunt in Lebanon with DS
  • There have never been any services
  • Family takes care of her, does everything for her
72
Q

Asmahan M. 2016 (Palestine)

-Eastern Orthodox Christian community

A
  • The Eastern Orthodox Christian community does not talk about disabilities
  • People look down on those with disabilities
  • If it is an invisible disability like an language impairment, very hard to explain
73
Q

Contrasting values and practices

MIDDLE EAST vs. Mainstream

A
  • Ch brought up to live interdependently
  • Identity defined by family achievement
  • Mothers willing for ch to be hugged, picked up
  • More flexible about time line for sleeping, eating, toilet training
  • Less freedom for independent exploration
  • Ch not permitted to make independent decisions
  • Respect: old age, wisdom, spiritual maturity
74
Q

Contrasting values and practices

Middle East vs. MAINSTREAM

A
  • Ch raised to be independent
  • Identity defined by indiv. achvt.
  • Mothers more reluctant to be affectionate
  • More regulated time schedule
  • More freedom for exploration
  • Ch make more independent decisions; choices
  • Respect: youth, physical fitness, intelligence
75
Q

(MI)

  • Family is..
  • Arranged Marriages..
  • May be..
  • Polygamy..
  • Patriarchal..
  • Women..
A
  • Family is primary focus of loyalty
  • Arranged marriages are common
  • May be intermarriage in some areas
  • Polygamy in some countries like Iran
  • Patriarchal; father is head of household
  • Women submit to and serve husbands
76
Q

2016 Thoraia A. from Yemen:

-Arranged marriages

A
  • Definitely arranged marriages
  • Arabs—lots of emphasis on lineage and tribal background
  • Even if a family has a lot of $$, if they are from a lower lineage, marriage to someone from a higher lineage is forebidden
77
Q

(MI)
Male children..
Boys encouraged to..
Girls may stop..

A
  • Male children preferred over female children
  • Boys encouraged to think of themselves as superior to girls
  • Girls may stop education after elementary; boys are expected to excel
    • Depends on the country
78
Q

Neeka G., 2016, Iran:

-Boys are on pedestals

A
  • Boys are on pedestals—they grow up spoiled and careless

- Her brother simply refused to speak out in class or to authority figures—they thought he was delayed

79
Q

2016 Mariam A. from Lebanon/Palestine/Yemen:

-Premarital sex

A
  • Premarital sex is VERY shameful for the entire family—forever
  • A young lady just wouldn’t even dream of it
80
Q

Sharifzadeh (Iran):

-Fathers very little responsibility

A
  • Fathers–very little responsibility for infants and young children
  • “Men view themselves as responsible for providing the material necessities and for making major arrangements but do not engage in day-to-day caregiving…” (p. 412-413)
81
Q

CULTURAL CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES (ME)

  • conservative countries
  • liberal countries
  • Sheriat
  • what is high priority
A
  • Conservative countries: Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia
  • Liberal countries: Turkey, Lebanon, Pakistan
  • Sheriat–legal system based on Koran
  • Hospitality very high priority
82
Q

(ME)

  • Left hand considered..
  • In some areas, women must..
  • In some areas, women cannot..
A
  • Left hand considered unclean
  • In some areas, women must be covered from head to toe in public
  • In some areas, women cannot leave home or speak with strangers without their husband’s permission
83
Q

Things in saudia arabia women can’t do:

A
  • Go anywhere without a male chaperone
  • Drive a car
  • Vote in elections (however, in 2015, a royal decree let them vote in local elections)
  • Swim
  • Compete freely in sports
  • Try on clothes while shopping
84
Q

Communication Styles(ME)

A
  • Men and women may not make eye contact or even socialize together in public
  • Speaking loudly is acceptable; only in certain countries
  • Arabs try to speak eloquently and creatively; a communication disorder has very negative consequences
  • Poets held in very high esteem in Arab societies**
  • People stand close during conversations
  • It’s acceptable to tune out during conversations
85
Q

Education and Literacy (ME)

A
  • Many U.S. Arabs are highly educated
  • More than 40% have a Bachelor’s degree or higher compared with 24% of the general population
  • Literacy rates vary widely among Arab nations
86
Q

Neeka G., Iran, 2016:

-shed get a 95% on a test

A
  • She’d get a 95% on a test, and her dad would say “what happened to the other 5%?”
  • Dad: being an SLP is silly—its just about books and toys
87
Q

(ME)Literacy may not be as high a priority…

A
  • For women and girls
  • And co-ed schools are very uncommon in many middle Eastern countries
  • In the U.S., parents may be uncomfortable with the freedom allowed to girls
88
Q

IMPLICATIONS FOR SLPs (ME)

A
  • There are approximately 100 Arab SLPs worldwide
  • Families may be uncomfortable receiving outside assistance
  • Family might not be familiar with SLPs and our services
89
Q

Asmahan N. 2016: (Palestine)

-She was going to be a doctor

A
  • She was going to be a doctor, and her mom was very angry and devastated when she wanted to become an SLP
  • Mom felt much better when Asmahan showed her the anatomy and physiology book and said “Nurses study this too!”
90
Q

(ME)

  • Show respect;
  • Children may develop..
  • Female professionals..
  • Arabs have great..
  • Arabs may be..
A
  • Show respect; dress formally, sit w/ good posture**
  • Children may develop self-help skills later
  • Female professionals should not shake hands w/ male family members
  • Arabs have great respect for education; try to let them know your credentials
  • Arabs may be late for or not keep appointments
91
Q

(ME)

  • Speak to..
  • Case history-
  • Male family member may…
  • Shame, denial about..
A
  • Speak to father first**
  • Case history–fathers might not tolerate being questioned by a female interviewer
  • Male family member may make tx decisions, but mother will be responsible for carrying them out
  • Shame, denial about children’s disabilities are common
92
Q

(ME)

  • Follow up with families-
  • Remember that the term Middle East may be..
A
  • Follow up with families–they may outwardly agree to carry out recommendations, but not do it–they believe disagreeing is rude**
  • Remember that the term “Middle East” may be viewed as ethnocentric. Try to refer to families according to their countries of origin.
    • Iranian-American OR Pakistani-American
93
Q

Student:

-she taught gymnastics..

A

She taught gymnastics locally; a Middle Eastern mom would drop off her autistic child for lessons

The mom so embarrassed to be associated w/ son that she waited in car

94
Q

Former student Amber A:

-her father, a doctor said..

A

Her father, a doctor, said “Why do you need to get educated? You’re a woman! You are just going to get married and have babies.”

95
Q

Afeefa Mikbel; former student; Palestinian Muslim/Arab American
-called a terrorist

A
  • Wears a hijab—has been called a terrorist
  • “Go back to where you came from”
  • Kids followed her home from school—in Elk Grove
  • She was terrified to go to lunch—mom had to come and pick her up
  • She and her family have a VERY hard time in airports; 18-yr. old brother harrassed and detained for hours; they undergo extra screenings
96
Q

(ME)

  • parents are very..
  • for delicate issues involve..
A
  • Remember: parents are very protective of their daughters—↑ than sons
  • For delicate issues, involve Imam, someone else from mosque

Roseberry (4 decks)

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