Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Origins: East Asia
A
Japan, Korea, China
2
Q
Origins: Southeast Asia
A
Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Burma, Vietnam, Malaysia
3
Q
Origins: South Asia
A
Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka
4
Q
Asian KEY RELIGIONS:
A
Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism
5
Q
Pew Research Center 2017:
Asian immigrants projected to become…
A
Asian immigrants projected to become the largest foreign born group in the US by 2055
6
Q
Many Indians in the U.S. are Brahmin..
A
- Highest in caste system
- Represent wealthy people
- High priority on careers in science, medicine
- Caste system alive and well
- Many Sikh Indians in CA today (darker skinned Indians may experience discrimination from lighter-skinned Indians- colorism)
7
Q
Former student Harpreet: (Indian)
Lighter skinned indians
A
- Lighter-skinned Indians in middle school would not let her associate with them
- Bullied because she is darker and of a lower caste
8
Q
Sonam R., 2016: (Indian)
Intermarriage between castes
A
- There is NO intermarriage between castes
- Girls are encouraged to stay home
9
Q
CONTRASTNG BELIEFS, VALUES, AND PRACTICES
ASIANS VS mainstream
A
- Fatalism
- Tradition, living with the past
- Group welfare
- Mutual interdependence
- Hierarchy, rigid role status
- Conformity
- Encourages continued dependence on family (older sibs HELP)
- Parent is authority; expects submission, unquestioning obedience
- Parents ask ch “What can you do to help me?”
10
Q
CONTRASTNG BELIEFS, VALUES, AND PRACTICES
Asians vs MAINSTREAM
A
- Personal control over envt., one’s fate
- Change, future orientation
- Self actualization, privacy
- Independence, indiv. autonomy
- Equality, status determined by achievement
- Challenge authority
- Early indep. encouraged
- Parent gives choices indep. thinking encouraged
- Parents ask ch “What can I do to help you?”
11
Q
For children, many Asian families believe in (in contrast to traditional U.S. families)
A
- Self expression not important
- Learn by observing not by exploring
- Best– seen not heard
12
Q
Having children is important—Fidela B., 2016, Laotian:
A
- Under a lot of pressure to get married (she’s around 25)
- Mom: “Your eggs are dying.”
13
Q
Customs and Courtesies (Asian)
A
- Hospitality
- Respect for elders, teachers, authority figures
- Modesty, humility
14
Q
Communication Styles (Asian)
A
- Formal rules of communication propriety based on relative status of interlocutors
- May be considered appropriate to ask personal questions
- Indirectness often the norm re: touchy subjects
- Some Asians may smile or laugh when embarrassed or angry
15
Q
Filipino cultural values:
A
- Amor proprio- respect- saving face so no one is ashamed
- Pakikisama- good feelings- getting along– preserving harmony
16
Q
Health care and Disabilities (Asian)
A
- Visible vs. invisible disabilities
- Disabilities fate, karma, sins committed by ancestors
- Families may be ashamed to bring a child for help if his/her disability represents sins committed by parents/ancestors
17
Q
As SLP’s for (Asian)
A
We may have trouble getting families to acknowledge disabilities and sign IEPs for special education services
18
Q
Asian Education
A
- Hugely valued
- Asian children attend preschool at a higher rate than other groups
19
Q
California Educator—Asians in the U.S. have the highest rates of:
A
- College degree attainment
- # of persons w/ advanced degrees
- Working in highly skilled occupations (outperform Whites)
20
Q
However, in California: (California Educator continued)
-completing high school
A
- 40% of Hmong, 38% of Laotians and 35% of Cambodians don’t complete high school
- Due to poverty
21
Q
In most Asian countries, there is:
A
- Great respect for teachers
- Heavy reliance on rote learning, memorization
- Teachers are very authoritarian
- Class is formal; teachers lecture
- Teachers don’t admit mistakes
22
Q
Differences–Asian and American Schools (Stevenson; compared Beijing & Chicago)
A
- Long days, but lots of recess (in Asian schools)
- 3x more American than Asian mothers “very satisfied” w/ their ch’s progress
- U.S. ch ranked themselves much higher than Chinese Ch, even though Chinese Ch ahead academically in all subjects
23
Q
When asked what they’d wish for:
American ch, Chinese ch, Confucian beliefs
What are supreme?
A
- American Ch: $$ & material objects; less than 10% expressed wishes about education
- Almost 70% of Chinese Ch focused wishes on college
- Confucian beliefs– individual differences in ability de-emphasized
- EFFORT and DILIGENCE are supreme
24
Q
Abboud & Kim
-Role of Asian families
A
- Role of Asian children in families: 1) respect elders and obey parents, 2) work hard and do well in school to secure a bright future
- Many Asian parents work hard all day and morph into educators at night—that is their role
- Asian parents put academics first, while other parents often put sports/athletics first; kids are too tired to study
25
What are many Asian parents unaware of?
| What does it help increase?
Many Asian parents unaware of afterschool clubs and extracurricular
Help increase awareness
26
ASIAN LANGUAGE CONSIDERATIONS
| -many languages have..
Many languages have numerous dialects
27
Some Languages are Tonal, some are not(Asian)
- Khmer (Cambodia), Japanese, Korean not tonal languages
- Vietnamese, Chinese, Laotian are tonal; each tone represents a meaning change
- Vietnamese has 6 tones, for example
28
Linguistically...(Asian)
| -some countries are..
- Some countries are monolingual
- E.g., in Laos—Lao; Japan—Japanese
- However, in some countries, many langs
29
Implications for individuals (Asian)
- We may need to address the husband first because the wife is subordinate
- It may be disgraceful for the family to admit to or discuss a child’s disability; entire family lineage disgraced—intervention may be rejected
- Some families do not believe that it is important to talk with young children and babies; may not be open to early intervention
30
Implications for individuals (Asian)
- We may need to address the husband first because the wife is subordinate
- It may be disgraceful for the family to admit to or discuss a child’s disability; entire family lineage disgraced—intervention may be rejected
- Some families do not believe that it is important to talk with young children and babies; may not be open to early intervention
- Teach Asian ch “home” and “school” rules for talking
- Analyze expressive lang skills by evaluating writing, not speaking (quiet in class)
- Some families dislike “game” format of tx—prefer structured drill activities
31
To, Stokes, Cheung, & T’sou (Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research) Narrative assessment for Cantonese-speaking children.
-Narrative skills
- Narrative skills strong predictors of later language outcomes
- This study attempted to create some norms for evaluating narrative skills of Cantonese-speaking children
- Studied typically-developing subjects and those with specific language impairment (SLI)
32
The researchers found that..(To, Stokes, Cheung, & T'sou)
-narrative assessment
- Narrative assessment can be reliably and validly standardized for use w/ Cantonese- speaking (CS) ch
- CS ch w/ SLI: great difficulty using appropriate syntactic complexity when telling stories in Cantonese
33
These children also..(To, Stokes, Cheung, & T'sou)
| -CS ch showed..
- Showed limited anility to present as many ideas
| - Used nonspecific terms (e.g., “The girl did the leg of the cat” rather than “The girl bandaged the leg of the cat”)
34
Assessment of children’s narrative skills..
| Asian
is very promising differentiating lang. difference from LI
35
It is important for us to understand Filipinos...
- In 2000...
- In recent years..
- In 2000, there were 24,516 Filipinos in Sacramento County
| - In recent years, this has increased to 41,455 (69% increase)
36
Former Students (Asian)
- Filipinos predominately..
- Family
- How many dialects?
- Filipinos predominantly Roman Catholic —enlist help of priest, church members
- Family--huge sacrifices to come to U.S. for a better life for Ch
- 150 dialects
37
- What do Filipinos love?
- What do we do when making tx recomms?
- Talk about ch's...
- Filipinos love personal touch- e.g., pulling out pics of your kids- can relate to you better
- When making tx recomms, say “we” not “you”
- Talk about ch’s strengths before weaknesses/deficits
38
-Bahala na
-What do we talk about?
(Asian)
- Bahala na-- leave it to God– it’s out of your hands anyways
- Talk about education – how tx relates to ch doing better academically
39
-Not all Filipinos speak..
-Extracurricular activities..
-As a ch you are what?
(Asian)
- Not all Filipinos speak Tagolog! Be careful -> interpreter
- Extracurricular activities not emphasized; academics much higher priority
- As a ch, you are your parents’ future– take care of them in old age
40
-What do parents push for?
-Who has career freedom?
(Asian)
-Parents push for math, science majors; “safe” careers so ch will not be poor
-More career freedom for sons than daughters
Oldest sibling- lots of responsibility
41
-What should you hide?
-Many Filipinos have..
-What may not transfer to U.S?
(Asian)
- Hide tattoos- prison
- Many Filipinos have maids, esp. to help care for ch
- College credits, creds/degrees may not transfer to U.S.
42
Tasha Ketphanh—Laos:
| Education not important
- Grew up in Sacto on welfare
- Education not important—you’re just going to work in rice fields
- Laotians ↑st prison population of Asians
- Don’t ever look an adult in the face
- Don’t touch people’s heads
- White string bracelet fends off bad spirits
- Jewelery is big– bling scares ghosts away
- In Laos, people with physical disabilities live on the outskirts of the city– afraid they’ll scare ch
- Boys taken as soldiers– 10 years old
43
I have found that Asians are:
- Are generally terrific to work with
- Very appreciative
- If they understand WHY, they will do carry over
44
Background info (PI)
Population:
Main areas:
- population: 1=Hawaiians, 2=Samoans, 3=Chamorros (Guam)
- PIs have been influenced by many different cultures
- Main areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia
45
```
(PI)
Race alone:
Race alone or in combination:
AAPIs comprise:
Expected:
What do Samoans in the U.S. experience?
```
- In the U.S., the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander group has grown**
- Race alone: 9.3% growth
- Race alone or in combination: 139.5%
- AAPIs comprise 4% of the total U.S. population
- They are expected to reach 10% of the population by 2050
- Unfortunately, some PIs such as Samoans in the U.S. experience abject poverty
46
CULTURAL CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES (PI)
- Hospitality, generosity, and sharing are very important
| - Attitudes towards life are relaxed
47
Education (PI)
- Based on oral learning
- Rate memorization; children are taught to conform, not be individualistic and creative
- Things are done in groups not individually
- Resources life books are challenging to come by
48
California Educator: (PI)
Significant numbers..
Many..
- Significant numbers of students from Tonga, Fiji, and the Solomon Islands who struggle
- Many-first in their families to attend college
49
In the Fijiian village of Natawadawadi…
- No electricity or running water
- In junior high-boarding school in Nadi
- Children swim to school
50
(PI)
Education style..
Some Guam schools..
Denise: teachers..
- Educational style very relaxed
- Some Guam schools closed because of high teacher absenteeism
- Former student Denise: teachers came if felt like it “what would you like to do today?”
51
```
(PI)
School in U.S.->
High drop out rate..
Earning higher degrees-
Children should...
```
- School in U.S. -> major adjustment
- High drop out rate of Islander stuents in U.S.
- Earning higher degrees- low priority
- Children should go to work ASAP
52
```
PACIFIC ISLAND FAMILY LIFE (PI)
-Extended families..
Child care..
Heavy emphasis on..
Emphasis on..
```
- Extended families are common
- Child care is provided by multiple caregivers
- Heavy emphasis on authority and respect
- Emphasis on well-being of family, not individual rights
53
For example, in Samoa:
Families..
No word for..
- Families look poor to outsiders, but no homelessness-everyone is provided for
- No word for “person”- you-re part of the whole group
54
Mokuau, M., & Tauili’ili, P.: (PI)
| Samoans often take..
Samoans often take extended family and church more seriously than money, school, and career
55
```
(PI)
Some societies, like the chamorros of Guam..
Physical punishment...
Domestic violence..
Work with...
```
- Some societies, like the chamorros of Guam, are matriarchal
- Physical punishment is common in Samoa
- domestic violence may occur in some Islander cultures
- Work with local community and churches
56
HEALTH CARE AND DISABILITIES (PI)
- in Samoa,
- Chamorro of Guam
- hawaii
-Lots of Otitis media with effusion(OME)
-Children may be exposed to mercury from seafood-may experience lower IQ’s, cognitive and linguistic problems
-In Samoa, intolerance for disabilities
-Chamorros of Guam view a disability as a gift from god
Hawaii-disabilities have spiritual causes
57
```
(PI)
Sickness/Disability may..
Guam-suruhano
Hawaiians-kahuna lapa'au
when people rely on faith healers..
```
- Sickness/disability may call on faith healers or practerioners of folk medicine
- Guam-suruhano or faith healers who are highly respected
- Hawaiinas-kahuna lapa’au or “medical experts” who use prayer, massage and herbs
- When people rely on faith healers, SLP’s may be viewed as unimportant
58
ASHA Leader articles: (PI)
In Guam and the Virgin Islands..
Many individuals are denied services because of:
- In Guam and the Virgin Islands, shortage of SLPs, especially in hospitals
- Many individuals are denied services because of :
1. lack of practioners
2. stigma-special needs
59
(PI)
Major risk factors:
Tiffany from Hawaii:
- Major risk factors: hypertension, high cholesterol
- Almost 30% of APIs have high cholesterol
- Tiffany from Hawaii: a watermelon is $15
60
2016: (consumer.healthday.com) (PI)
Cancer..
Who are less likely to be diagnosed with cancer before it spreads?
- Cancer leading cause of death
- Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders are less likely than whites to be diagnosed with cancer before it has spread
61
Communication Styles (PI)
- In order not to offend, many islanders will say what they think the listener wants to hear.
- Childs primary experiences in interacting are with other children, not adults
- In “falk story” children listen to elders talk about days of old
62
Research of Schieffelin Ochs compared American and Samoan mothers
- Samoan children expected to accommodate to adults; U.S. adults accommodate to child
- U.S. mothers speak “motherese” but Samoan mothers don’t simplify their register for young children
63
Language Considerations (PI)
- Over 1200 indigenous languages are spoken in the Islands
| - Language is influenced by culture
64
(PI)
The apostrophe..
Some children speak..
-The apostrophe in a word is produced as a glottal stop
-For example:
Hawai’i
Tau’ili’ili
-Some children speak pidgin English/Hawaiian creole and need support in acquiring formal English
65
Implications for SLPs(PI)
- We must fully understand paperwork requiring signatures
- Be careful about requesting parents to come to school
- Use a collective rather than individual story telling
- Explain pragmatic rules in U.S. culture-greeting, complimenting, leave-taking, etc.
- Reinforce literacy
- Provide cooperative (not competitive) learning opportunities
66
(ME)
Middle East is approximately..
Largest population...
Majority of ME are...
* Middle East is approximately the size of the U.S
* Largest population group is the Arabs
* Majority of Middle Easterners are Muslim
67
(ME)
- ↑ 95%..
- Americans negative stereotypes! Terms most associated with ME:
-↑ 95% of Arabic speakers in Middle East (ME) are Muslim**
-Americans--negative stereotypes! Kamalipour survey found terms most associated w/ MEs:
Oil
Mean people
Dark skin
Terrorism
68
Middle Eastern Language considerations
- Arabic is the world’s sixth most common language
- Other common languages: Kurdish, Farsi, Turkish, Urdu
- Arabic has many spoken dialects
69
```
(MI)
what is the language of the Koran?
The koran is considered..
All muslims use..
how many letters are in the Arabic alphabet?
Arabic and Farsi are...
```
- Written or classical Arabic is the language of the Koran**
- The Koran is considered the ultimate book of style and grammar for Arabs
- All Muslims must use Arabic in their daily prayers
- 29 letters in the Arabic alphabet
- Arabic and Farsi are written from right to left
70
Health and Disabilities: (MI)
- Family intermarriage is..
- Disabled child:
- Reactions:
- Woman may not..
- in some countries...
- Some may not..
- Families..
- Disabled--
- Family intermarriage is linked to a large number of childhood disorders found in Arab countries
- Disabled child: mother feels shame and guilt; father views as defeat, blemish on family’s pride
- Reactions: abandonment, overprotection, denial, isolation
- Women may not be seen by male doctors
- In some countries such as Afghanistan, disabled considered “helpless.”**
- Some may not go to school or obtain jobs (even men).
- Families stay home and take care of their disabled family members, and rarely let them make decisions.
- Disabled--limited rights.
71
2016 Miriam A. from Palestine & Lebanon (mom from Yemen)
| -Aunt with DS
- Aunt in Lebanon with DS
- There have never been any services
- Family takes care of her, does everything for her
72
Asmahan M. 2016 (Palestine)
| -Eastern Orthodox Christian community
- The Eastern Orthodox Christian community does not talk about disabilities
- People look down on those with disabilities
- If it is an invisible disability like an language impairment, very hard to explain
73
Contrasting values and practices
| MIDDLE EAST vs. Mainstream
- Ch brought up to live interdependently
- Identity defined by family achievement
- Mothers willing for ch to be hugged, picked up
- More flexible about time line for sleeping, eating, toilet training
- Less freedom for independent exploration
- Ch not permitted to make independent decisions
- Respect: old age, wisdom, spiritual maturity
74
Contrasting values and practices
| Middle East vs. MAINSTREAM
- Ch raised to be independent
- Identity defined by indiv. achvt.
- Mothers more reluctant to be affectionate
- More regulated time schedule
- More freedom for exploration
- Ch make more independent decisions; choices
- Respect: youth, physical fitness, intelligence
75
(MI)
- Family is..
- Arranged Marriages..
- May be..
- Polygamy..
- Patriarchal..
- Women..
- Family is primary focus of loyalty
- Arranged marriages are common
- May be intermarriage in some areas
- Polygamy in some countries like Iran
- Patriarchal; father is head of household
- Women submit to and serve husbands
76
2016 Thoraia A. from Yemen:
| -Arranged marriages
- Definitely arranged marriages
- Arabs—lots of emphasis on lineage and tribal background
- Even if a family has a lot of $$, if they are from a lower lineage, marriage to someone from a higher lineage is forebidden
77
(MI)
Male children..
Boys encouraged to..
Girls may stop..
- Male children preferred over female children
- Boys encouraged to think of themselves as superior to girls
- Girls may stop education after elementary; boys are expected to excel
- Depends on the country
78
Neeka G., 2016, Iran:
| -Boys are on pedestals
- Boys are on pedestals—they grow up spoiled and careless
| - Her brother simply refused to speak out in class or to authority figures—they thought he was delayed
79
2016 Mariam A. from Lebanon/Palestine/Yemen:
| -Premarital sex
- Premarital sex is VERY shameful for the entire family—forever
- A young lady just wouldn’t even dream of it
80
Sharifzadeh (Iran):
| -Fathers very little responsibility
- Fathers--very little responsibility for infants and young children
- “Men view themselves as responsible for providing the material necessities and for making major arrangements but do not engage in day-to-day caregiving…” (p. 412-413)
81
CULTURAL CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES (ME)
- conservative countries
- liberal countries
- Sheriat
- what is high priority
- Conservative countries: Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia
- Liberal countries: Turkey, Lebanon, Pakistan
- Sheriat--legal system based on Koran
- Hospitality very high priority
82
(ME)
- Left hand considered..
- In some areas, women must..
- In some areas, women cannot..
- Left hand considered unclean
- In some areas, women must be covered from head to toe in public
- In some areas, women cannot leave home or speak with strangers without their husband’s permission
83
Things in saudia arabia women can't do:
- Go anywhere without a male chaperone
- Drive a car
- Vote in elections (however, in 2015, a royal decree let them vote in local elections)
- Swim
- Compete freely in sports
- Try on clothes while shopping
84
Communication Styles(ME)
- Men and women may not make eye contact or even socialize together in public
- Speaking loudly is acceptable; only in certain countries
- Arabs try to speak eloquently and creatively; a communication disorder has very negative consequences
- Poets held in very high esteem in Arab societies**
- People stand close during conversations
- It’s acceptable to tune out during conversations
85
Education and Literacy (ME)
- Many U.S. Arabs are highly educated
- More than 40% have a Bachelor’s degree or higher compared with 24% of the general population
- Literacy rates vary widely among Arab nations
86
Neeka G., Iran, 2016:
| -shed get a 95% on a test
- She’d get a 95% on a test, and her dad would say “what happened to the other 5%?”
- Dad: being an SLP is silly—its just about books and toys
87
(ME)Literacy may not be as high a priority…
- For women and girls
- And co-ed schools are very uncommon in many middle Eastern countries
- In the U.S., parents may be uncomfortable with the freedom allowed to girls
88
IMPLICATIONS FOR SLPs (ME)
- There are approximately 100 Arab SLPs worldwide
- Families may be uncomfortable receiving outside assistance
- Family might not be familiar with SLPs and our services
89
Asmahan N. 2016: (Palestine)
| -She was going to be a doctor
- She was going to be a doctor, and her mom was very angry and devastated when she wanted to become an SLP
- Mom felt much better when Asmahan showed her the anatomy and physiology book and said “Nurses study this too!”
90
(ME)
- Show respect;
- Children may develop..
- Female professionals..
- Arabs have great..
- Arabs may be..
- Show respect; dress formally, sit w/ good posture**
- Children may develop self-help skills later
- Female professionals should not shake hands w/ male family members
- Arabs have great respect for education; try to let them know your credentials
- Arabs may be late for or not keep appointments
91
(ME)
- Speak to..
- Case history-
- Male family member may...
- Shame, denial about..
- Speak to father first**
- Case history--fathers might not tolerate being questioned by a female interviewer
- Male family member may make tx decisions, but mother will be responsible for carrying them out
- Shame, denial about children’s disabilities are common
92
(ME)
- Follow up with families-
- Remember that the term Middle East may be..
- Follow up with families--they may outwardly agree to carry out recommendations, but not do it--they believe disagreeing is rude**
- Remember that the term “Middle East” may be viewed as ethnocentric. Try to refer to families according to their countries of origin.
- Iranian-American OR Pakistani-American
93
Student:
| -she taught gymnastics..
She taught gymnastics locally; a Middle Eastern mom would drop off her autistic child for lessons
The mom so embarrassed to be associated w/ son that she waited in car
94
Former student Amber A:
| -her father, a doctor said..
Her father, a doctor, said “Why do you need to get educated? You’re a woman! You are just going to get married and have babies.”
95
Afeefa Mikbel; former student; Palestinian Muslim/Arab American
-called a terrorist
- Wears a hijab—has been called a terrorist
- “Go back to where you came from”
- Kids followed her home from school—in Elk Grove
- She was terrified to go to lunch—mom had to come and pick her up
- She and her family have a VERY hard time in airports; 18-yr. old brother harrassed and detained for hours; they undergo extra screenings
96
(ME)
- parents are very..
- for delicate issues involve..
- Remember: parents are very protective of their daughters—↑ than sons
- For delicate issues, involve Imam, someone else from mosque
