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NUR 352 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Indicates differences in results found in the sample when compared to the population from which the sample was drawn

A

sampling error

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2
Q

selecting subjects or assigning them to groups in a way that is not impartial.

A

selection bias

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3
Q

the most important considerations in the sampling strategy

A

method for selecting subjects/assigning them to groups & the # of subjects studied

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4
Q

The potential participants who meet the definition of the population and are accessible to the researcher

A

sampling frame

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5
Q

The goal of the selection strategy is to:

A

prevent bias, support study validity, and enhance credibility of results

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6
Q

___ ___ run the risk of over-representing characteristics that are local to the study

A

convenience samples

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7
Q

___ ___ ___ can occur when response rates are low are attrition is high

A

systematic sampling error

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8
Q

When respondents are asked to recruit subsequent subjects

A

snowball sampling or referral sampling

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9
Q

Guidlines for choosing subjects with a set of characteristics that include major factors important to the research question

A

inclusion criteria

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10
Q

characteristics that eliminate a potential subject from the study to avoid extraneous effects

A

exclusion criteria

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11
Q

A technique used in qualitative research in which the subjects are selected because they possess certain characteristics that enhance the credibility of the study

A

purposeful selection

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12
Q

stages for qualitative sampling strategy:

A

Identify charactierstics of ideal informants
ID accessible informants
determine settings for recruitment
Approach & invite potential informants
obtain consent

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13
Q

Used when the study requires subjects to have some common characteristic

A

typical case sampling

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14
Q

used when there is concern that special or outlier cases may skew responses

A

homogeneoussampl ing

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15
Q

used when the study requires subjects who have an experience in common

A

criterion sampling

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16
Q

used when the study will benefit from a diversity of characteristics

A

maximum variation sampling

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17
Q

used to obtain a sample that has extreme target population characteristics

A

extreme case sampling

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18
Q

used when additional sources of data are needed during grounded theory development

A

theoretical sampling

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19
Q

A sampling process used in quantitative research in which every member of the available population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

A

probability or random sampling

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20
Q

used when a table of random number is used to select subjects from the sampling frame

A

simple random sampling

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21
Q

useful when the researcher is unaware of how many individuals will eventually be in the population or when there is an indefinite sampling frame

A

systematic random sampling

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22
Q

Structured so that imporant characteristics are evenly distributed across all groups. Useful for reducing the probability that a subgroup will be under-represented or over-represented in some way.

A

Stratified random sampling

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23
Q

The researcher randomly selects entire groups & then randomly selects subjects from only those groups

A

cluster random sampling

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24
Q

A nonprobability method of selecting a sample that includes subjects who are available conveniently to the researcher.

A

convenience sampling

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25
Q

occurs when respondents are incentivized for participating or recruiting their peers

A

respondent-driven sampling

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26
Q

occurs when individuals who seek out a service are recruited into a study

A

service-based sampling

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27
Q

The definition of the major entity that will be considered a “subject” for analysis

A

unit of analysis

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28
Q

An analysis that indicates how large a sample is needed to adequately detect a difference in the outcome variable

A

power

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29
Q

The measurement of the magnitude of the impact of an intervention

A

effect size

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30
Q

In qualitative studies, sample size is rarely

A

predetermined

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31
Q

In quantitative studies, the standard for determining sample size adequacy is:

A

power

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32
Q

Refers to the way subjects are recruited and selected that may limit generalization to all populations

A

selection effects

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33
Q

The ability to generalize the findings from a research study to other populations, places, and situations.

A

external validity

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34
Q

A type of external validity where the findings can be generalized and applied to other settings

A

ecological validity

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35
Q

A type of external validity where the findings can be generalized and applied to other subjects

A

population validity

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36
Q

The goals of designing a recruitment plan include:

A

representing the population, recruiting enough subjects to attain power or saturation.

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37
Q

Determination of the quantity of a characteristic that is present, involves assigning of numbers or some other classification

A

measurement

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38
Q

clearly stated meaning of an abstract idea or concept used by a researcher in a study.

A

conceptual definition

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39
Q

An explanation of the procedures that must be performed to accurately represent the concepts.

A

operational definition

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40
Q

data collected directly from the subject for the purose of the research study.

A

primary data.

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41
Q

instruments used to collect subjective information directly from subjects

A

psychometric instruments

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42
Q

A scale that uses attitude statements ranked on a 5 point or 7 point scale.

A

likert scale

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43
Q

a scale with a set of items on a continuum or statements ranging from one extreme to another. Responses are progressive and cumulative

A

guttman scale

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44
Q

A rating type scale in which respondents mark a location on the scale corresponding to their perception of a phenomenon on a continuum.

A

visual-analog scale

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45
Q

The diference between the actual attribute and the amount of attibute that was represented by the measure

A

measurement error

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46
Q

A nonreproducible error that can arise from a variety of factors in measurement

A

random error

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47
Q

any error that is consistenlty biased; the measure is consistent but not accurate

A

systematic error

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48
Q

The use of procedures to minimize measurement error associated with physical instruments by objectively verifying that the instrument is measuring a characteristic accurately.

A

calibration

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49
Q

the degree of reproducibility or the generation of consistent values every time an instrument is used.

A

precision

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50
Q

the extent to which an instrument is consistent within itself as measured with the alpha coefficient statistic.

A

internal reliability

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51
Q

the extent to which an instrument is consistent across raters, as measured with a percentage agreement or a kappa statistic

A

inter-rater reliability

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52
Q

The ability of an instruemnt to consistenlty measure what it is supposed to measure

A

validity

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53
Q

Involves a subjective judgment about whether a measurement makes sense

A

Content validity

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54
Q

An outline for determining content validity that includes the analysis of basic content and the assessment objectives

A

test blueprint

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55
Q

Indicates that a measurement captures the hypothetical basis for the variable

A

construct validity

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56
Q

The correlation of the instrument to some external manifestation of the characteristic.

A

criterion-related validity

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57
Q

present when an instrument reflects actual performance

A

concurrent validity

58
Q

indicates that a measure can predict future performance

A

predictive validity

59
Q

demonstrates the capacity to differentiate those who have a characteristic from those who do not.

A

discriminant validity

60
Q

A measure of discriminant validity in the biomedical sciences that indicates an instrument has the capacity to detect disease if it is present.

A

sensitivity

61
Q

A measure of discriminant validity that indicates an instrument has the capacity to differentiate when the disease is not prsent

A

Specificity

62
Q

A measure that indicates change in the subject’s condition when an intervention is effective

A

responsiveness

63
Q

Data collected for other purposes and used in the research study

A

secondary data

64
Q

Codes established prior to data collection that include definitions, abbreviations, and a range of possible numerical values for the variables.

A

codebook

65
Q

A qualitative data measure that reflects the stability of the information across indivdiuals or over time.

A

dependability

66
Q

A qualitative data measure focused in ensuring that the results represent the underlying meaning of the data.

A

credibility

67
Q

The confidence that an experimental tx or condition made a difference and that rival explanations were systematically ruled out through study design and control.

A

internal validity

68
Q

bias is introduced in research through 3 major areas:

A

sampling error, treatment effects, measurement error

69
Q

The rejection of a true null hypothesis; the researcher erroneously draws a conclusion that the intervention had an errect.

A

type I error

70
Q

The acceptance of a false hypothesis; the researcher erroneously draws a conclusion that the intervention had no effect

A

type II error

71
Q

The magnitude of the impact hat the intervention or variable is expected to have on the outcome

A

effect size

72
Q

A threat to internal validity because of events or circumstances that occur during data collection

A

historical threats

73
Q

A threat to internal validity becauseo f the changes that occur in subjects that do not happen as a result of the intervention, but rather because time has passed.

A

maturation

74
Q

A threat to internal validity due to the familiarity of the subjects with the testing, particularly when retesting is used.

A

testing

75
Q

A threat to internal validity because the instrument or data collection procedure has changed in some way

A

instrumentation

76
Q

A threat to internal validity because subjects may perform differently when they are aware they are in a study or as a reaction to being treated

A

placebo effect

77
Q

A threat to internal validity due to the introduction of bias through selection or composition of comparison groups.

A

subject selection

78
Q

The capacity to confidently generalize the results of a study from one group of subjects to another population group.

A

popoulation validity

79
Q

A threat to external validity that occurs when subjects react to something because it is novel or new, rather than to the actual treatment or intervention itself.

A

novelty effect

80
Q

A threat to external validity due to the interaction with the researcher conducting the study or applying the intervention

A

experimenter effect

81
Q

The feasibility of applying qualitative research findings to other samples and other settings

A

applicability/transferability

82
Q

The likelihood that qualitative research outcomes or events will happen again given the same circumstances.

A

replicability

83
Q

Cross-checking conclusions using multiple data sources, methods, or researchers to study the phenomenon

A

triangulation

84
Q

Check the accuracy of the observations and conclusions directly with subjects.

A

member checking.

85
Q

The process of explicitly reflecting on and documenting the researcher’s biases.

A

bracketing

86
Q

Detailed documentation of sources of information, data, and design decisions related to a qualitative research study.

A

audit trail

87
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease within populations or cohorts.

A

epidemiology

88
Q

Study conducted by examining a single phenomenon across multiple populations at a single point in time with no intent for follow up

A

cross-sectional study

89
Q

A study conducted by following subjects over a period of time, with data collection occurring at prescribed intervals.

A

longitudinal study

90
Q

The meticulous descriptive exploration of a single unit of study such as a person, family group, community, or other entity

A

case study

91
Q

An investigation using a single case or subject in which baseline data are collected, an intervention is applied, and the responses are tracked over time.

A

single-subject design

92
Q

Single-subject designs that continue to measure the response of the individual as the intervention is withdrawn or withdrawn and reinitiated

A

reversal designs

93
Q

A design that involves the analysis of two variables to describe the strength and direction of the relationship between them.

A

correlation study

94
Q

Research designed to search for variables measured at one point in time that may forecast an outcome that is measured at a different point in time.

A

prediction study

95
Q

Tests of association used to determine whether a set of relationships exists in the real world in the way the relationships are hypothesized in the researcher’s model of reality

A

tests of model fit

96
Q

A variable that is not measure but is related to each variable in the relationshps and may affect the correlation of the data.

A

suppressor variable

97
Q

A condition in which two variables havec an appearance of causality where none exists.

A

Spurious relationship

98
Q

The count of instances that an event occurs in a data set

A

frequency

99
Q

A calculated count derived from dividing the frequency of an event in a given time period by all possible occurrences of the event during the same time period.

A

rate

100
Q

A new variable produced when data from other variables are combined using a simple formula

A

derived variable

101
Q

A type of frequency distribution in which variables with different values are plotted in a graph to visualize the shape

A

histogram

102
Q

A measure of variability that gives information about the spread of scores around the mean

A

variance

103
Q

The most easily interpreted measure of variability of scores around the mean; represents the average amount of variation of data points about the mean

A

standard deviation

104
Q

A calculation that produces a number tha depicts the standard deviation relative to the mean.

A

coefficient of variation

105
Q

A measure of position that expresses the distance from the eman of a single score in standard terms.

A

standardized scores

106
Q

A bell-shaped distribution in which the mean is 0 and a standard deviation is 1

A

standard normal distribution

107
Q

A large standard deviation means a ____ variability

A

small amount of variability

108
Q

A measuret hat depictst he strength and nature of the relationship between 2 variables

A

correlational analysis

109
Q

A graphic presentation that marks the median of the values in the middle of the box and the 25th and 75th percentiles as the lower and upper edges of the box. Indicates the relative position of the data for each group and the spread for comparison

A

box plot

110
Q

Types of probability/random sa mpling:

A

simple random
systematic random
stratified random
cluster random

111
Q

What is the most common type of sampling?

A

convenience sampling

112
Q

Methods for sampling hard to reach populations

A

speak in native tongue
experience sampling methods
respondent-driven sampling
service based sampling

113
Q

____ ____ reflects the degree of representativeness of the population & encourages generalizability of the results

A

response rate

114
Q

The point in qualitative samples where no new information is being generated

A

redundancy/saturation

115
Q

Mutually exclusive
Encompass the total range of answers
Used to allow the best answer for all the options
Sometimes have right and wrong answers

A

Forced choice

116
Q

Selecting from only one of two choices
Yield limited information
Difficult to analyze
Use only when other types of questions are not appropriate

A

Dichotomous questions

117
Q

used as a (lowerbound) estimate of the reliability of a psychometric test

A

cronbach’s alpha

118
Q

stability within instruments

A

internal reliability

119
Q

stability among individuals

A

item-total correlation

120
Q

Stabilitiy between raters

A

inter-rater reliability

121
Q

stability over time

A

test-retest

122
Q

Types of criterion-related validity

A

concurrent
predictive
discriminate

123
Q

threats to internal validity

A 
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Treatment effects
Selection effects
Attrition
124
Q

Threats to external validity

A 
Selection effects
Time
History
Novelty
Experimenter effects
125
Q

used to determine validity in qualitative research

A

credibility, trustworthiness, applicability/transferability, replication

126
Q

Ways to promote the validity of qualitative research

A 
Prolonged or varied field experience
Verbatim accounts
Triangulation
Member checking
Bracketing
Audit Trails
127
Q

The purpose of ____ _____ is the exploration and description of phenomena in real life situations.

A

descriptive research

128
Q

Level of measurement with categorical data/labels/no mathematical properties

A

nominal

129
Q

level of measurement involving categorical data that are ranked

A

ordinal

130
Q

Level of measurement involving data ranked with equal intervals

A

interval

131
Q

level o measurement involving interval level data that have a true zero

A

ratio data

132
Q

measurement example: blue, green, red

A

nominal

133
Q

measurement example: low, medium, high

A

ordinal

134
Q

measurement example : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

A

interval

135
Q

measurement example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

A

ratio

136
Q

methods used to summarize data for nominal/ordinal data:

A

frequency tables, bar charts, relative frequency, pie charts

137
Q

methods used to summarize interval/ratio data:

A

measures of central tendency, variability, position, histograms

138
Q

midpoint of a distribution of values
Stable measure, less affected by extremes
Ordinal, interval, or ratio data

A

median

139
Q

The only measure that can be applied to nomial data

A

Mode

140
Q

A descriptive ratio that reflects the amount of variation in a data set

A

coefficient of variation

141
Q

Describe the relative position of an observation within a distribution

A

standard scores

NUR 352 (3 decks)

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