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anthropology > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the formation of one or more species from another over time is ___

A

cladogenesis

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2
Q

the slow transformation of single species over time is referred to as _____

A

anagenesis

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3
Q

the notion that evolution occurs quickly and is due to geographic isolation of a segment of an original population is called ___

A

punctuated equilibrium

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4
Q

species identified from the fossil record based on physical similarities and differences with other species along an evolutionary line (lineage) is called ____

A

paleospecies

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5
Q

in general there are two types of dating methods

A

relative and chronometric

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6
Q

layers of earth are called

A

strata

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7
Q

the notion that fossils found deeper in the ground should be older than the fossils closer to the surface is an example of ___

A

principles of superposition

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8
Q

the study of temporal and spatial distribution of fossil organisms is called ____

A

biostratigraphy

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9
Q

geological time is divided into ____,____,____,____

A

eons
eras
periods
epochs

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10
Q

at 225 million years the land was connected in a single mass called ____

A

pangea

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11
Q

the separation of the land into modern day continents is the result of ____

A

plate techtonics

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12
Q

the cenozoic is know as the age of _____

A

mammals

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13
Q

the first primate like mammals, like the pleiseadapids, appear in the ____

A

paleocene

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14
Q

based on the fossil evidence it is likely that the first primate like mammals were ____

A

insectivores

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15
Q

the first true primates (primitive prosimians) and the first anthropoids appear in the ____

A

eocene

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16
Q

the radiation of anthropoids occurs in the ____

A

oligocene

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17
Q

the radiation and divergence of early apes and the emergence of the first hominids occurs in the _____

A

miocene

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18
Q

the notion that stereoscopic vision and grasping hands evolved as adaptions for hunting insects along branches is called ____

A

visual predation model

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19
Q

sussman’s hypothesis is that primate origins might relate to eating a mixed diet including fruit/nectar/flowers/gun rather than only insects.
true or false

A

true

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20
Q

flowering plants are also called

A

angiosperms

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21
Q

an early primate like ancestor that resembeled modern lemurs and lorises was the ____

A

adapids

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22
Q

an early primate like ancestor that resembeled modern tarsiers was the ___

A

omomyids

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23
Q

an early ancestor thought to have evolved into the modern apes and humans is called ____

A

proconsul

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24
Q

the reputed ancestor of modern orangutans is called

A

sivepithecus

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25
Q

perhaps the ruches fossil bed that offers up many specimens of oligocene fossils giving us the clues to anthropoid origins and evolution in the fayum desert in what country?

A

egypt

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26
Q

what are the two species the human line split into?

A

robust australoptithcines and gracile australopithecines

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27
Q

what species evolved into the homo genus?

A

gracile

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28
Q

what is another name for the robust australopithecines?

A

paranthropus

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29
Q

who is the first possible evidence of the genus homo?

A

homo habilis

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30
Q

what are some characteristics of homo habilis

brain size
teeth face size
leg length
use tools or naaawww

A

brain is 1/2 size of humans
large face and teeth
short legs
used stone tools for scavenging animals flesh

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31
Q

what is the controversy behind the habilis?

A

it should be reclassified as australopithecus habilis

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32
Q

where is the birthplace of modern hominids

A

africa

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33
Q

wwhat are the names of the 5 major hominid sites

A 
chad
ethiopia
kenya
tanzania
south africa
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34
Q

the great rift valley is the ____ _____

A

plate techtonic

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35
Q

what are the 7 early species of hominids?

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Orrorin tugenensis

Ardipithecus ramidus

Ardipithecus kadabba

Australopithecus anamensis

Australopithecus afarensis

Kenyapithecus platyops

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36
Q

what are the only remains of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis and what debate did this spark?

and was a characteristic of this remain?

A

the cranium
this lead to the debate of whether or not it was actually bipedal

it was really small, as small as a chimp

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37
Q

what were 2 characteristic of Orrorin tugenensis

A

found in 6 mya sediment

probably spent time in trees but also walked

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38
Q

what is a characteristic of Ardipithecus ramidus

A

it had a foramen magnum

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39
Q

what is a foramen magnum?

A

a large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters. this reflects bipedalism

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40
Q

where was bipedalism evolved and where was it thought to have been evolved?

A

thickly wooded forests

savannah

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41
Q

Australopithecines

where they they live
brain size

A

Earliest confirmed well-known hominids

Confined to africa

Definitely bipedal

Multiple species, some living simultaneously

Relatively small brains (400-500cc)

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42
Q

how is Australopithecus anamensis related to other hominids

A

A. anamensis may be a direct line to later hominids

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43
Q

MOSAIC EVOLUTION

A

Again, ancestral (ape like) and derived (bipedalism) features are mixed, showing that all these features did not arise at the same time.

(we didn’t start walking after getting a big brain, but we just started using our bodies to walk)

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44
Q

Mary Leakey

A

Illustrator that got famous for discovering robust

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45
Q

Donald Johanson

A

Discovered “Lucy”

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46
Q

Australopithecus afarensis’ celebrity

A

lucy

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47
Q

Australopithecus afarensis
characteristics

what indicated bipedalism
what are 2 characteristics of the skull

A

Pelvic bones and femur clearly indicated bipedalism

Diastema

prognathism

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48
Q

the laetoli footprint is associated with which species?

why are they special

A

Australopithecus afarensis

they were the earliest footprints we have

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49
Q

what is diastema?

A

a gap between the teeth (incisors and canines for primates)

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50
Q

whats prognathism

A

The projection/protrusion of the lower face

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51
Q

what does Kenyanthropus platyops translate to?

A

flat faced man from kenya

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52
Q

characteristics of Kenyanthropus platyops

skull shape
similarity with other species

A

no prognathism

K. platyops and H. (A.?) rudolfensis (??????) are they the similar and scientist weren’t sure if they were one species or not??

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53
Q

did robust or gracile come first

A

gracile

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54
Q

what are the three robust australopithecine species

A

Australopithecus aethiopicus

Australopithecus boisei

Australopithecus robustus

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55
Q

where are each from?

Australopithecus aethiopicus

Australopithecus boisei

Australopithecus robustus

A

aethiopicus from east africa
(ethiopia is in the east)

boisei from east africa

robustus from south africa

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56
Q

what robust is the oldest and who does it have a link with?

A

aethiopicus

afarensis

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57
Q

what happened to the three species of robust?

A

they all died out

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58
Q

what are the 3 graciles?

A

australopithecines africanus

australopithecines afarensis

australopithecines garhi

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59
Q

where are these 2 graciles from?

australopithecines africanus

australopithecines afarensis

A

australopithecines africanus from south africa

australopithecines afarensis from east africa

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60
Q

what species is the Taung Child?

A

africanus

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61
Q

who discovered taung child?

A

raymond dart

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62
Q

how old was the taung child estimated to be and how old was he actually?

why?

A

5-7

was actually 3-4 years

africanus matured 20-50% faster than modern humans

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63
Q

what is the branch of paleontology that deals with the process of fossilization?

A

taphonomy

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64
Q

whats species was lucy

A

a. afarensis

65
Q

which gracile species was most recently discovered?

A

A garhi

66
Q

_____ lived simultaneously with the ____.

this is called ______

and they were found in ____

A

a garhi
a africanus

contemporaneous

association

67
Q

what was found in garhi sites?

why was this special

A

stone tooks with tool marks found on animal bones

this was the strongest evidence of tool use amongst austrapolithecines species

68
Q

what species seems to have a great difference in size?

what are the two possible explainations of this?

A

the homo/australopithecus habilis

multiple species lumped into one
great sexual dimorphism

69
Q

what are the two possible species of the habilis for those who believe they might be two different species lumped into one species?

A

small: habilis
large: rudolfensis

70
Q

what are some special things about the homo/a habilis?

tools?
lived for how long
how did they thrive?
how good was their bipedalism

A

stone tool maker

lived for 1/2 millions years

figured out fire

modern version of bipedalism

71
Q

the habilis followed what tradition of tool making?

and what material?

A

oldawan tradition

flint

72
Q

the habilis’ skeleton is similar to what species because if its ___ and _____

A

a afarensis

small size
long arms

73
Q

what are the 6 models of bipedalism?

A

tool use

predator avoidance

locomotor regulation

temperature regulation

carrying bb/food

harvesting

74
Q

what is wrong with the 6 models of bipedalism

A

we dont evolve to do something, we evolve and we do things that we are capable of.
so they are wrong

75
Q

____ ____ with primates adapted to _____ being inefficient

A

Phylogenetic inertia with primates adapted to brachiating being inefficient

76
Q

how old are stone tools

A

2.5 mya

77
Q

what field of study is stone tools considered?

A

archeology

NOT paleontology bc they aren’t dealing with bones

78
Q

what are the 3 major stone tool technologies from oldest to youngest

A

oldowan

acheulean

mousterian

79
Q

what is the difference between active hammer and passive?

A

active hammer: someone sits down and actually works at a core to createa tool

passive:
a man could just throw a rock and use the shards as a tool

80
Q

stone and teeth leave what kinds of marks on bones

A

stone: v shape
teeth: U shape

81
Q

what are the two main materials of the skeleton

A

cranial material

postcranial material

82
Q

what is the cranial material made up of

A

everything associated with skull and teeth

83
Q

what is the skull made up of

A

cranium

mandible

84
Q

what are the three main parts of a cranium?

A

nuchal crest
sagittal crest
zygomatic arch

85
Q

what is the ridge on the back of the skull where neck muscles are attached to called?

A

nuchal crest

86
Q

what are chewing muscles attached to?

A

sagittal crest

87
Q

what is another name for cheekbone

A

zygomatic arch

88
Q

_____ holds bones toghet

A

ligaments

89
Q

tendons attach what

A

muscle to bone

90
Q

what are the 3 parts of the spine?

A

cervical vertebrate
thoracic vertebrate
lumbar vertebrate

91
Q

what is the neck also known as

A

cervical vertebrate

92
Q

what is is attached to ribs?

A

thoracic vertebrate

93
Q

what is the pelvis made up of?

A

2 illia

1 sacrum

94
Q

what is the sacrum also known as

A

tail bone

95
Q

what are arms made up of

A

humerus
ulna
radius

96
Q

wrist aka

A

carpals

97
Q

hands aka

A

metalcarpals

98
Q

fingers

A

phalanges

99
Q

what are the legs made of

A

femur (thighs)
tibia
fibula

100
Q

ankle

A

tarsals

101
Q

foot

A

metatarsals

102
Q

toes

A

phalanges

103
Q

did h. erectus come first or ergaster

A

ergaster

it left africa for asia and became erectus

104
Q

what is the brain size of h. ergaster/erectus

A

3/4 of humans

105
Q

what was special about the h. e/e

A

first hominid to leave africa

106
Q

how is the h. e/e size relative to habilis and sapien?

what about brow ridge size

A

larger than habilis but smaller than sapien

smaller than sapien

107
Q

who found first h erectus?

A

eugene dubois

108
Q

what kept the h erectus out of the family tree at first and why did this happen?

A

the piltdown hoax

someone buried an old skill in piltdown england to try to prove the the english were the oldest human species

109
Q

what was the most famous h ergaster?

what were 2 things about him

what was his nickname?

A

nariokotome boy

tall
most complete skeleton we have

strapping youth

110
Q

what species was nariokotome boy?

A

h ergaster

111
Q

with what species did the stone tool become the most diverse?

A

h e/e

112
Q

what were the first tools similar to? what are they called now?

A

oldowan tools

evolved oldowan

113
Q

what is the new type of stone tool technology called that h e/e used?

A

acheulian tradition

114
Q

what was different in tool use between ergaster and habilis?

A

ergaster used the core while habilis used the flakes he chipped off

ergaster tools were more complicated than habilis

115
Q

what kind of hunter was h e/e

A

skill cooperative

116
Q

what about h e/e life style

A

caves for shelter

used fire for cooking and warmth but we aren’t sure if they were capable of making fire

117
Q

what were hobbits called

A

homo floresiensis

118
Q

what is the island biogeographic theory

A

there arent enough resources to maintain animals so their either die or become pygmies

119
Q

whats pygmies

A

smaller

120
Q

how are archaic homo sapiens (AHS) different from us?

A

they aren’t anatomically modern yet bc

teeth were larger

body was more robust

mix of ancestral and derived traits

frankfort horizontal plane

121
Q

what were the 3 main AHS?

and what is the last main one?

A

H. heidelbergensis

H. antecessor

H. neanderthalensis

(denovisans)

122
Q

where were each found?

H. heidelbergensis

H. antecessor

H. neanderthalensis

A

H. heidelbergensis: all over the world (asia, africa)

H. antecessor: west europe

H. neanderthalensis: east and west europe, middle east

123
Q

what is H. neanderthalensis also called

why are they special?

A

neanderthal

we share 2% DNA
we’ve mapped 65% of their DNA

124
Q

why are denovisans special?

A

they are the most recent discovery

some ppl might have 2-5% of their DNA

125
Q

what is Frankfort horizontal (plane)

A

the eyeline

proper orientation of the skull

126
Q

why is the neandertal called neandertal?

A

it was found in neander valley, germany

127
Q

where is the neandertal from

A

europe and middle east

128
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of neanderthal

A

very large brain

occipital bun
back of skull protrudes

mid face prognathism

retromolar space
behind last molar

129
Q

what was the first neadertal skull called

A

la chapelle neandertal

130
Q

what were neandertal tools known as?

A

mousterian

131
Q

how did neandertals live?

A

cannibalistic probbaly

bury dead

more males than females

some sort of language kinda

music

132
Q

who concluded neandertal had a language and how did he digure this out

what sound couldn’t they make?

what did AMHS (anatomically modern humans) and neanderthals have in common?

A

lieberman

constructed vocal anatomy

vowel sound

the hyoid bone is exactly the same but big hyoid is also similar to humans and pigs can talk sooooooooo

133
Q

what kind of instrument did neandertals have

A

bone flute made from bear femur

134
Q

what did caves do for neandertals

A

it limited their resources

might be why they died out too

135
Q

where are the oldet sites of anatomically modern homo sapiens( AMHS)

A

s and e africa

136
Q

_____ existed ____ the AHS disappeared

A

AMHS

before

137
Q

who were the oldest AMHS population

and what was special about them

A

Kung

they probably gave rise to all humans

138
Q

what are the 3 popular theories for human origins

A

1) multiregional hypothesis (humans evolved evolved simultaneously in different regions), regional continuity, regional coalescence
2) out of africa, mitochondrial eve, replacement hypothesis(model), garden of eden.
3) MOSTLY out of africa hypothesis

139
Q

which theory of human origins is most believed

A

3) MOSTLY out of africa hypothesis

140
Q

hard times among the neaderthals

species:
main topic:

A

species: neanderthals

main topic: the violence they experience and they should be considered more as a human

141
Q

rethinking neanderthals

species:
main topic:

A

species: neanderthals

main topic: contrary to the idea the neanderthal were evolutionary failures
they are actually quite human like: sophisticated tools, social life which involved caring for sick and burying dead

142
Q

twilight of the neandertals

species:
main topic:

A

species:neanderthal

main topic: they struggled to survive as the climate kept changing and couldn’t complete with new species of humans

143
Q

a new view on the birth of homo sapiens

species:
main topic:

A

species: AMHS

main topic: neither out of africa replacement model nor multiregional hypothesis win completly win out

144
Q

meet the new human family

species:
main topic:

A

species: modern humans

main topic: we shared the planet with other humans

145
Q

refuting the myth about human origins

species:
main topic:

A

species: AMHS

main topic:
for decades, archeologist believed that modern human behavior as reflected in tools and food getting strategies developed along with what is identified in the fossil record as modern homo sapiens

but archeological evidence now shows that some of these behaviors, most importantly our capacity for wide behavioral variability, actually occurred among ppl who lived long ago, particularly in africa

146
Q

the birth of childhood

species:
main topic:

A

species: AMHS and apes

main topic: unlike apes, humans depend on parents long after weaning. with new technology, we know when and why our technology evolved.

147
Q

a bigger, better brain

species:
main topic:

A

species: apes, dolphins

main topic:diverse food getting strategies employed by dolphin and ape societies are an excellent gauge of their social complexity as well as example of how brain complexity, social complexity, and ecological complexity are all linked

148
Q

the naked truth

species:
main topic:

A

species: humans

main topic:origins of human hairlessness and him that naked skin was a key factor in the emergence of other human traits such as the ability to cover long distances in the pursuit of food

149
Q

can white men jump

main topic:

A

main topic: clusters of ethnic and geographical athletic success prompt suspicions of hidden genetic advantages. the real advantages are much more cultural and more nuanced and less hidden

150
Q

skin deep

A

altho migration and cultural adaptations tend to complicate the picture, human skin color has evolved to be dark enough to precent sunlight from destroying nutrient folate, but light enough to foster the production of vitamin D

151
Q

how real is race: using anthropology to make sense of human

A

author claims race isnt a scientifically valid biological category. it should be seen as a cultural invention

152
Q

the tall and short of it

A

our body has plasticity so we can cope with a wide variety of environments. the average height of any group of ppl can be used as a barometer of the health of their particular society

153
Q

dead men do tell tales

A

the plea for the continued and expanded use of forensic anthropology. there are too many stories to be told and so much justice yet to be carried out

154
Q

the viral super highway

A

the modern world is a viral super highway. environmental disruption and international travel has brought on a new era of human disease. one marked by new diabolical disease

155
Q

the perfect plague

A

globalization, changing climate, and the threat of drug resistance has conspired the stage for the perfect microbial storm. HIV or smallpox could burst on the scene and kill millions of ppl

156
Q

the inuit paradox

A

the traditional diet of the far north, with high protein and high fat contents show that there are no essential foods, only essential nutrients

157
Q

dr darwin

A

the application of darwin’s theory of evolution to the understanding of human diseases will not only help us better treat the symptom of diseases, but also help us understand how microbes and humans have evolved in relation to one another

158
Q

curse and blessing of the ghetto

A

tay sachs is a choosy killer, targets eastern european jews above others for centuries. by decoding its lethal logic, we can learn a great deal about how genetic disease evolves

159
Q

ironing it out

A

hemochromatosis is a hereditary disease that disrupts the human body’s ability to metabolize iron. to understand why such a deadly disease would be bred into out genetic code, we need to take a closer look at european history, the bubonic plague, and medical practices that were discredited.

anthropology (2 decks)

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