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anthropology > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anthropology means study of _____

A

man

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2
Q

as a discipline anthropology uses a ____ perspective

A

holistic

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3
Q

anthropology has 4 subfields consisting of biological, linguistic, archeological, and ____

A

cultural

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4
Q

evolution is a change in organisms over time, true or false

A

true

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5
Q

the development of evolutionary thought finds its origins in the _______period

A

greco roman

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6
Q

rain falls–>grass grows–>cows eat grass–>humans eat cows–> is an example of what?

A

the great chain of being

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7
Q

the notion that the scheme of life and its existence is unchangeable is the belief in ______

A

immutability

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8
Q

the notion that everything can exist does and everything that doesn’t cant is

A

plenitudes

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9
Q

the father of primatology who conducted first chimp dissection was

A

Edward tyson

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10
Q

first person to create taxonomy of living creatures and wrote the volumes titles systema naturae

A

carolus linnaeus

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11
Q

the belief that the forces of nature that were at work in the past are still at work today, changing the topography of the earth is called

A

uniformitarianism

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12
Q

the theory that extinct life forms found in the fossil record had been destroyed by extreme natural process is ______

A

catastrophism

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13
Q

the belief that an organism can use its body in such a way as to change it and pass tat trait on is called

A

the theory of acquired characteristics

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14
Q

the theory of natural selection was first developed by ___

A

charles darwin

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15
Q

the second person to come up with natural selection is ____

A

alfred russell wallace

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16
Q

the theory that evolutionary change is based on differential reproductive success of individuals is called

A

natural selection

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17
Q

the political philosopher herbert spencer coined the term that was borrowed by charles darwin, it was ______

A

survival of the fittest

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18
Q

the process of the cell division that results in two exact copies of the original cell is called

A

mitosis

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19
Q

the man who studied pea plants and gave us the first real understanding of how traits are passed along was ____

A

gregor mendel

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20
Q

an allele is a variant of a gene, true or false

A

true

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21
Q

alleles come in two types, what are they?

A

dominant and reccessive

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22
Q

when both alleles of a pair are expressed in the phenotype we say that they are _____.

A

codominant

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23
Q

the combination alleles you have at a particular gene is called your _____

A

genotype

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24
Q

an allele pair that is identical, like the following -TT- is called ____

A

homozygous

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25
Q

an allele pair that is not identical, like the following -Tt–is called _____

A

heterozygous

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26
Q

Microevolution

A

Occurs at the genetic level and it’s the frequency of an allele in a population from one generation to the next What goes on within populations (the changes in allele frequencies due to natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow)

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27
Q

microevolution =

A

genotype

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28
Q

Macroevolution

A

Occurs at the population level and is long term patterns of genetic change over thousands or millions of generations. Includes the process of species formation.

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29
Q

macroevolution=

A

phenotype

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30
Q

Population genetics

A

the study of the total pattern genetic variation of a biological population

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31
Q

Allele frequency

A

Is the relative proportion of each allele within a population Specific letter on the chain

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32
Q

Genotype frequency

A

The number of individuals with each genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population. The whole chain

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33
Q

genotype frequencies must add up to what?

A

1

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34
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

(formulated method of determining expected genotype frequencies given allele frequencies in a population)

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35
Q

Mutations

A

Any alteration to the chromosome and introduces new alleles into a population

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36
Q

what are three types of mutations?

A

polymorphic monomorphic back mutation

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37
Q

polymorphic

A

genes with more than one allele

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38
Q

Monomorphic

A

genes with only one allele

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39
Q

Back mutation

A

mutations can also reintroduce alleles back into a population after they are lost

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40
Q

wild type

A

The original, common or “normal” version of the gene

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41
Q

mutant allele

A

The new version of the gene (or abnormal)

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42
Q

what is the difference between the types of genes? (wild type and mutant)

A

non disease allele is the wild type and the disease allele is the mutant type

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43
Q

Gene flow

A

movement of genes (alleles) from one population to another

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44
Q

what is another word used for gene flow?

A

migration

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45
Q

Fitness

A

An organism’s probability of survival and reproduction we measure fitness by how many children you have

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46
Q

Balancing selection

A

Selection for the heterozygote: also called balancing selection: selection for the heterozygote and against the homozygote

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47
Q

whats an example for balancing selection?

A

sickle cell anemia

48
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next due to sampling error

49
Q

what is genetic drift dependent on?

A

population size (N)

50
Q

Founder effects

A

When a small number of individuals start a new population, all the descendants are all derived from them

51
Q

Population bottleneck

A

Can cause same effect, the bottle neck is a reduction in genetic variation This reduction can be due to disease, war, etc

52
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

no gene flow

53
Q

Premating mechanisms

A

….

54
Q

Post mating mechanisms

A

Can result in hybrids but f1 (first gen) have reduced viability, f1 hybrids have reduced fertility, f2 backcross (hybrids mating with either species) or later generation hybrids have reduced viability or fertility

55
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

When geographic barriers isolate a small subset of a population/species, selection may favor significantly different phenotypes in the isolated region compared to the majority of the species, leading to the evolution of a new species.

56
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

only partial genetic isolation required between populations occupying a great range of environments, speciation is caused by change in habit

57
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Even with NO genetic isolation, if selection is strong enough species differentiation can occur.

58
Q

Homologous traits

A

Traits in two species that have similar structures, and are inherited from a common ancestor, but may or may not show a similar function

59
Q

ex of homologous traits

A

(arms and legs both have upper bone, and two lower bone. This is also seen in birds, reptiles, mammals, etc

60
Q

Homoplastic (analogous) traits

A

Traits with similar functions in two species but a different structure, not inherited from a common ancestor

61
Q

Parallel evolution

A

When the same trait has arisen separately in two closely related species, and is not due to it arising once in a common ancestor An evolutionary process by which two or more separate species in the same environment develop similar adaptation or characteristic for survival.

62
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar adaptations in rather distinct evolutionary lines (superficially similar traits, that arise from being in similar environments, this helps them survive the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.

63
Q

ex of convergent evolution

A

Ex. fish, whales all having fins but being completely different)

64
Q

Ancestral traits

A

Traits that have not changed from an ancestral state

65
Q

what is another word for ancestral traits?

A

plesiomorphies

66
Q

Derived traits

A

traits that have changed from the ancestral state of the group being classified Derived traits are those that just appeared (by mutation) in the most recent ancestor – the one that gave rise to a newly formed branch

67
Q

what is another word for derived traits?

A

apomorphies

68
Q

What shows up early in fetal development are probably ancestral, what shows up later are probably derived

A

ex. tails

69
Q

what are the three types of primates

A

prosimians monkeys apes

70
Q

what the the differences between the three primates

A

prosimians have wet noses monkey have tails apes dont have tails

71
Q

where are old world monkeys from

A

asia and africa

72
Q

new world monkeys

A

south america

73
Q

how are new world diff from old world monkeys

A

new world have prehensile tails

74
Q

with incerased reliance on sight, what developed?

A

stereoscopic and color vision

75
Q

what is stereoscopic

A

(relating to or denoting a process by which two photographs of the same object taken at slightly different angles are viewed together, creating an impression of depth and solidity.

76
Q

what developed in their eyes

A

post-orbital bar/closure behind eyeball

77
Q

what kind of selection do apes use?

A

k selection

78
Q

what is having different types of teeth called?

A

heterodonty

79
Q

what are the two sets of teeth we have in out life called?

A

deciduous (baby) teeth permanent teeth

80
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth in our mouth

A

incisors canines premolars molars

81
Q

what are incisors used for and where are they located

A

cutting slicing grawing food flat front teeth

82
Q

where are canines and what r they used for

A

Located in front of the jaw behind the incisors, normally used by mammals for puncturing and defense

83
Q

where are premolars and what are they used for

A

Back teeth used for crushing and grinding food

84
Q

where are the molars and what r they used for

A

Teeth furthest back in the jaw used for grinding

85
Q

what is the formula for counting teeth?

A

I,C,PM,M

86
Q

what is the human’s (apes and old world monkeys) formula for teeth

A

2-1-2-3

87
Q

what are the two jaw bones called

A

mandible (lower) maxila (upper)

88
Q

do new world monkeys have more or less teeth than us and what is their formula?

A

more 2133

89
Q

what are the three major types of homonoids

A

lesser apes great apes humans

90
Q

what are some examples of lesser apes

A

gibbons and siamangs

91
Q

ex of great apes

A

orangutans gorillas chimpanzees bonobos

92
Q

where are orangutans only found?

A

borneo and sumatra

93
Q

Primate ecology

A

The relationships of organisms to each other and their environment Primate morphology and behavior is affected by the environment in which the primate lives Environment includes both physical and social stresses

94
Q

what is the real name for these types of diets: fruit leaves insect gums vertebrates everything

A

frugivory folivory insectivory gummivory varnivory omnivory

95
Q

Socioecology

A

The study of all the ways an organism interacts with its environment

96
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

The sexual selection that led to physical differenced between men and women

97
Q

Sperm competition

A

testes size

98
Q

Handicap hypothesis

A

Males may display their fitness by showing that they can maintain survivorship despite handicap

99
Q

In general, the environment is everything ____ to an organism

A

external

100
Q

____ is a reference to the inanimate elements surrounding the organism

A

physical environment

101
Q

The _____ ______is a reference to the living elements surrounding an organism

A

biological environment

102
Q

The _____ _____is a reference to the products of an organism’s endeavors

A

cultural environment

103
Q

The _______ is a reference to a very specific set of physical, biological, and cultural factors, immediately surrounding an organism

A

microenvironment

104
Q

A ____ is a general term that defines where an animal lives

A

habitat

105
Q

A _____ is reference to the specific “address” of an organism

A

microhabitat

106
Q

An ___ ____ ____ is a reference to the specific microhabitat in which an organism lives and can include anatomical,physical, and behavioral methods by which an organism exploits the physical space and its relationship to other organisms

A

organism’s ecological niche

107
Q

_____ is the study of the plants consumed by primates and other animals for medicinal purposes

A

Zoopharmacology

108
Q

Primates that use bipedalism occasionally are said to be___ ____

A

facultative (occasional) bipedalism

109
Q

what kind of bipedalist called?

A

habitual

110
Q

Walking on all four on the ground is called _ _____

A

quadrupedalism

111
Q

Walking on all fours in the trees where the hands and feet are used for grasping is typically referred to as _____

A

quadrumanous

112
Q

Swinging,by hand, from branch to branch with the arms held up above the head is called____

A

brachiation

113
Q

Altruism

A

putting the interest of others before your own

114
Q

WD Hamilton & Kin Selection

A

Individuals can pass along their genes directly (reproduction) and indirectly, through kin (relatives)

115
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Includes not only ur own reproductive success but ur positive effects on ur relative’s reproductive success

116
Q

Kin selection

A

The process by which a behavioral act is favored owing to its beneficial effects on one’s relative

anthropology (2 decks)

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