Test 2 Flashcards by Makayla Lehman

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Flagella

Extension of the cell, internally the same as cilia, gets a cell from A to B, tail is very long

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plastids

Found in plants

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plastids: Chloroplast

Green double membrane (photosynthesis)

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plastids: chromoplast

Color, where a plant puts all the other colors, acts as a antioxidant

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plastids: amyloplast Amylo=starch

Also called leucoplast, stores starch

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Central sap vacuole

Storing water

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Food vacuole

Not in plants, membrane bound cell for food

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Contractile vacuole

Water is always going in, no cell wall, holds the excess water, found in Protista

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Cell wall

Rigid, gives cell shape, protects from osmotic lisis

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Chemical digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into their basic units

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Plasmolysis

Walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

Occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic

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Osmotic lysis

Cutting

Popping a cell with osmosis

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Actin

Protein that makes up the micrfilaments inside the cytoskeleton

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Tugor pressure

The internal pressure applied to a cell wall when water moves by osmosis in the cell

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Cytoplasm

The contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane

In eukaryotes its the nucleus

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Tubulin

Protein that makes up the microtubule inside the cytoskeleton

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Glycoprotien

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Cilia

Extension of the cell, moves things, many hair like extensions, flagellate to move things A to B, moves particles across exterior to their gut
9+2
9 microtubules 2 down the center

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Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane lipid

Glycolipid

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond. Cell to cell recognition. Sugar is attached to it. Outer boundary

Their role is to serve as markers for cellular recognition and also to provide energy.

The carbohydrates are found on the outer surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes.

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Cell types:

Eukaryote

Organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes

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Cell structures: Prokaryote

Ribosome

A sphere-shaped structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and often attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Make protein

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Centrosome - Centriol

Centriol is inside centrosome, region outside of the cell where centrioles are found
9+0 circumference + down center
9 microtubules down none down the center

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Cell structures: Eukaryote

Plasma membrane

Functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell

Cell structures: Eukaryote

Nucleus

Chromosomes behind double membrane that protects the chromosomes

Cell structures: Eukaryote Nucleolus

Dark stain, makes ribosomes

Cell structures: Eukaryote Ribosome

They are made up of proteins and RNA molecules called subunits. Found in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria

Cell structures: Eukaryote Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Rough

Attached ribosomes, attached to nucleus, transport proteins through hallways to the edge

Cell structures: Eukaryote Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth

Transports the rough ER proteins (liver), stores fatty acids for lipids for lipid synthesis, neutralizes toxins, attached to rough ER

Cell structures: Eukaryote Golgi complex (Golgi apparatus, Goldie bodies)

Next to smooth ER, receive proteins from smooth ER, stores, modify, and transports proteins (Looks like a stack of pancakes with bulbs on the end)

Cell structures: Eukaryote Mitochondria

Cellular respiration 1. Internal structure 2. Endosymbiotic theory

Cell structures: Eukaryote Chloroplast (green membrane bound sac)

Photosynthesis 1. Internal structure 2. Endosymbiotic theory

Cell structures: Eukaryote Lysosomes

Body that cuts(intracellular digestion) Hydrolytic enzyme: cut with H2O (hydrolysis)

Cell structures: Eukaryote Cytoskeleton

Gives the cell shape - microtubules - microfilament

Cell structures: Eukaryote Cytoskeleton: Microtubules

Biggest, tubes, hollow rod, protein -> tubulin

Cell structures: Eukaryote Cytoskeleton: Microfilament

Solid rod, protein->actin , helps things move

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane lipids Phospholipid

Most abundant lipid in the membrane

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane lipid Cholesterol

Keeps cell membrane soft (homeostasis)

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane proteins Recognition

Cell to cell recognition

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane proteins Adhesion

Proteins that stick to each other or a base such as the liver

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Phospholipid

2 fatty acids Polar and non polar, hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane proteins Receptor

Receive a molecule from somewhere else

Cell membrane structure-plasma membrane: Membrane proteins Transport

Transports stuff in and out of cells (homeostasis)

Function of the plasma membrane: Semipermeable barrier Semipermeable membrane

Buried between outside a sand inside of cell

Function of the plasma membrane: Semipermeable barrier Permeable

Will go across membrane

Function of the plasma membrane: Semipermeable barrier Impermeable

Will not cross the membrane

Function of the plasma membrane: Semipermeable barrier Semi permeable (differentially permeable, selectively permeable)

Some cross some don't (homeostasis)

Function of the plasma membrane: Transport across the membrane Simple diffusion

Moves molecules from high to low concentration (no added energy) oxygen, carbon dioxide, monoxide

Cell types: Prokaryote

Single celled organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria

Function of the plasma membrane: Transport across the membrane Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion through a transport protein, it's a helper, charge or large

Function of the plasma membrane: Transport across the membrane Active transport

Against the gradient, low to high concentration, add energy or ATP

Function of the plasma membrane: Transport across the membrane Osmosis

Diffusion of H2O across a semipermeable membrane

Cell structures: Prokaryote Prokaryote

Bacteria

Cell structures: Prokaryote Cell wall

Layer of polysaccharides outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria

Cell structures: Prokaryote Plasma membrane

A microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

Cell structures: Prokaryote Nucleoide

A irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. It is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Cell structures: Eukaryote Eukaryote

An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Eukaryotes include all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria. Double membrane