Test 2 Flashcards
What causes scabies?
mite which burrows into the epidermis (can live up to 2 days on infected sheets and clothing
What’s the characteristic lesion of scabies?
red to reddish brown small burrow (about 2 mm diameter) which may be covered with small vesicles
What does pruritis mean?
severe itching
What does excoriation mean?
lesions
What’s pediculosis?
lice infestations (pediculus corporis, pubis, capitis)
What are nevi?
moles (sing. nevus)
A form of mole that has the capacity to transform into malignant melanoma is known as a:
dysplastic nevus
The ABCDE rule for identifying a dysplastic nevus is:
asymmetry, border, colour, diameter, evolution
Lintigines (sing. lentigo) are more commonly known as:
liver spots
Telangiectases are:
single dilated blood vessels, capillaries, or terminal arteris. Seen on sun exposed areas, are non palpable and easily blanch
Angiomas are:
smooth, cherry red or purple papule, usually found on the trunk
Venous lakes are:
small dark blue, slightly raised papules that have a lake like appearance - smooth and compressible
The primary parasympathetic nerve that slows and steadies the heart:
vagus nerve
What does thyroxine do to heart rate?
increases it
Heart block occurs when:
damage to the AV node prevents the impulse from reaching the ventricles. The ventricles then beet at their own rate (usually slow, some or all of the time)
What is tachycardia?
Rapid heart rate (over 100 ft./min). Prolonged tachycardia can lead to fibrillation
What is bradycardia?
Heart rate is substantially lower than normal (less than 60 bpm)
What are the two superficial veins in the lower limb?
small and large saphenous vein (lots of anastomoses btwn each other as well as with deep veins
Approximately, how is blood distributed throughout the body at any given time? i.e. what % of blood is where?
50% systemic venous compartment 18% pulmonary circulation 12% cardiac chambers 8% arterial tree of the body 5% in capillaries 2% in aorta
What does recumbent mean?
lying down
What’s an occlusive infarction?
blockage of blood vessel
What’s a hemorragic infarction?
blood vessel rupture
What’s gangrene?
a necrosis, or death, of tissue, usually due to deficient or absent blood supply
What’s dry gangrene?
arteries, not veins, are obstructed
What’s active hyperemia?
hyperemia caused by increased blood inflow (arterial)
What’s passive hyperemia?
hyperemia caused by increased blood outflow (venous)
What’s an infarction?
cell necrosis (tissue death) as a result of blood supply loss
What’s an embolus?
any material (that normally wouldn’t be there) which is MOVING in the blood stream (over 90% are detached pieces of thrombus, but could also be air or nitrogen bubbles, bone chips or diseased tissue, fat, or foreign bodies
What’s an embolism?
occlusive infarct
What’s laminar flow?
normal conditions for blood flow in/out of circulation system (so without turbulence) (highest velocity in middle concentric layers, lowest along blood vessel wall)
What’s an aneurysm?
a weak spot in a blood vessel wall that bulges under pressure
What’s a berry or saccular aneurysm?
result of a discrete specific weak spot (most commonly found in vessels supplying the brain)
What’s a fusiform aneurysm?
weakness involving the entire blood vessel circumference (most commonly found at areas of bifurcation
What’s a dissecting aneurysm?
blood penetrates the tunica intima, infiltrates the tunica media, causes collapsing of lumen (almost always occurs in the aorta – due to speed and force of blood)
What’s paraesthesia?
tingling due to pressure (on nerves)
What are the two types of CVAs?
ischemic/occlusive and hemmoragic (interruption in blood flow)
What’s a pressure/decubitus ulcer?
bedsores – ischemic lesions of the skin and underlying structures due to external pressures that impair blood and lymph flow (95% occur in the lower part of the body – waist down)
What are the stages of decubitus ulcers?
I: intact skin with areas of persistent redness/blue/purple hues
II: partial thickness loss of skin. ulcer is superficial, appears as blister, abrasion or shallow crater
III: full thickness loss with damage and necrosis of underlying subcutaneous tissue that may extend to the underlying fascia. deep crater with or without undermining adjacent tissues
IV: full thickness loss with extensive damage. necrosis of underlying subcutaneous tissue (may involve muscle, bone or other structure ie tendon, jt capsule)
What’s edema?
excess accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space (extravascular AND extracellular space)
What’s anasarca?
fluid accumulation throughout the body (full body edema)
What are colloids?
large molecular weight particles present in a solution (like the plasma protein albumin in blood that draws fluids into vessels)
What do globulins do?
transport bilirubin and steroids, iron and copper, and are antibodies of immune system (represent 38% of blood plasma)
What does albumin do, and what % of plasma does it represent?
contributes to plasma osmotic pressure and maintenance of blood volume; 54%
What’s ascites
fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity
What’s pericardial effusion?
fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
What’s hydrothorax/pleaural effusion?
(excess) fluid accumulation in the pleural space/cavity
What’s pitted edema?
edema, usually of the skin of the extremities that, when firmly pressed with a finger, will maintain the depression produced by the finger
What’s dependent edema?
edema or swelling of a part of the body lower than the heart
What’s lymphedema?
occurs when there is an obstruction of lymphatic flow. common causes are removal of lymph nodes due to malignant tumors with cancer surgery. infection of the lymph nodes and channels can also cause lymphodema.
What’s orthostatic/postural hypotension?
abnormal drop in blood pressure with a change in position, usually moving from a recumbent (lying down) position to a standing position, caused by decreased venous return to the heart due to pooling of blood in the lower part of the body or inadequate circulatory reflexes
What’s syncope?
fainting
What’s orthostatic intolerance?
inability of the patient to stand upright right away (takes 1-2 mins of slowly getting up)
When taking blood pressure, what are the “tapping” sounds known as?
korotkoff sounds
What’s pulse pressure?
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (normal values should be between 35 and 45 mm Hg)
What’s mean arterial pressure?
the average pressure in the systemic arterial circulation
- diastolic pressure +1/3rd of pulse pressure
- main indicator of tissue perfusion
- normal healthy range is 83-93
Chronically elevated BP defined as:
systolic above 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic above 95 mm Hg on two or more measurement on two or more occasions
What’s hyalinization?
addition of more squamous epithelial cells/layers to reinforce the tissue (e.g. to beef up after too much strain/injury)
What’s onion skinning?
inner wall of blood vessel (lumen) becomes damaged and repairs with scar tissue due to the force of the pressure
What are the four main classes of drugs used to manage hypertension?
- drugs that improve heart function (beta blockers, cardiac glycosides [digitalis, digoxin])
- drugs that improve blood vessel diameter (alpha receptors, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators)
- drugs that reduce total blood volume (diuretics)
- drugs that decrease platelet activation/blood coagulation
What’s the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney called?
nephron
What’s usually the first drug (class) of choice to manage hypertension?
diuretics (generally well tolerated) (decreases blood volume and therefore hydrostatic pressure)
How do beta blockers work?
block sympathetic neurotransmitters (adrenaline, norepinephrine) from synapsing with the heart. this slows the heart and allows increase in force of contraction (longer refill time, frank-sterling law)
How do glycosides work?
slows down the heart by altering sodium/potassium pump within cardiac muscles cells and thus decreasing neural firing rate
How do alpha blockers work?
either block sympathetic neurotransmitters from synapsing on the smooth muscle of the arterial system or decrease the number of sympathetic neurotransmitter impulses emitted from the vasomotor centre in the brain (either way, decreases TPR)
How do calcium antagonists/channel blockers work?
modifies/limits the uptake and utilization of calcium in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls (decreases tone of smooth mm in blood vessel walls and improves contractile properties of cardiac mm)
Under stress, the heart will utilize three adaptations to improve its output:
- increase heart rate
- increase chamber dilation (frank-starling law)
- myocardial hypertrophy
With chamber dilation, what can happen to the valves?
they no longer close, and regurgitation can happen
What are the clinical names for the shapes of bacteria (spheres, rods and spirals)?
Spheres: cocci
Rods: bacilli
Spirals: spirillum
What are the clinical names for the shapes of bacteria (spheres, rods and spirals)?
Spheres: cocci
Rods: bacilli
Spirals: spirillum
