Immunity

Question 1

What’s autoimmunity?

Answer 1

When self tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous

Question 2

What are some examples of microbes?

Answer 2

bacteria, viruses, etc

Question 3

What are Antigens?

Answer 3

large molecules (usually proteins or polysaccharides) that elicit specific responses from hosts

Question 4

What’s an Epitope?

Answer 4

(antigen determinant): a specific discrete component of an antigen that attracts immune responses

Question 5

What are the primary cells of adaptive immunity and what do they do?

Answer 5

• B- and T- lymphocytes (B- and T-cells)
• act as regulator cells, which assit in controlling and orchestrating the immune resopnse (e.g. by activating other cells) -also act as effector cell by killing/eliminating the microbe or antigen

Question 6

There is always a large number of immune cells and other immune materials (like antibodies) circulating in the blood and lymph. This is known as ___ ___

Answer 6

humoral immunity

Question 7

What’s an antigen?

Answer 7

any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it

Question 8

What’s the aka for antibodies?

Answer 8

immunoglobulins

Question 9

Which lymphocytes can become memory cells?

Answer 9

b-cells

Question 10

Where do b- and t- cells mature?

Answer 10

b in bone marrow

t in thymus

Question 11

What are the characteristics of IgG antibodies?

Answer 11

• 70 to 80% of antibodies are IgG
• the only Ig to cross the placenta (protects neonates)
• diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into the tissues
• antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions
• activates killer cels
• activates the compliment system

Question 12

What are the characteristics of IgA antibodies?

Answer 12

• predominant in saliva, tears, nasal and respiratory secretions
• also in breast milk (again, this will protect neonates)
• blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, repiratory and urinary tracts
• protects mucosa

Question 13

What are the characteristics of IgM antibodies?

Answer 13

• doesn’t leave the blood or lymph
• early responder
• first Ig formed after immunization
• activates complement system
• forms natural ABO blood antibodies

Question 14

What are the characteristics of IgD antibodies?

Answer 14

• present in small amounts

- needed for B-cell maturation

Question 15

What are the characteristics of IgE antibodies?

Answer 15

-tint amounts in plasma
-binds to mast cells (innate system) and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances
-attracts eosinophils
-responds to parasites
IgE overreaction involved in allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, etc
-can be a genetic predisposition to produce excess IgE

Question 16

What do antigen presenting cells do?

Answer 16

present antigens to T-cells and sometimes to phagocytes

Question 17

Infections acquired in hospital are ___ while those acquired outside of healthcare settings are ___.

Answer 17

nosocomial infections; community acquired infections

Question 18

Portal of Entry defined by: disruption in the integrity of the body’s surface barrier (kin or mucous membrane) as a site for invasion by infectious disease

Answer 18

penetration

Question 19

Portal of Entry defined by: pathogens are transmitted directly from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes.

Answer 19

direct contact

Question 20

Portal of Entry defined by: entry of infectious agent occurs through oral cavity and/or GI tract

Answer 20

ingestion

Question 21

Portal of Entry defined by: entry of infectious agents through respiratory tract

Answer 21

inhalation

Question 22

What is the term for bacteria that can live with and without oxygen?

Answer 22

facultative