test 2

Question 1

hopelessness theory

Answer 1

cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions(general attitude, charactersitics) and has been modified again to emphasize hopelessness

Question 2

hopelessness

Answer 2

an expectation that desirable outcomes will not occur and that no available responses can change the situation

Question 3

negative triad

Answer 3

beck’s theory of depression, a person’s negative views of the self, world, and in the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction

Question 4

2 hit theory/ diathesis-stress

Answer 4

a view that assumes that individuals predisposed toward a particular psychological disorder will be particularly affected by stress and will then manifest abnormal behavior; biology + stress= development of expression

Question 5

cognitive biases/ selective attention/attentional bias

Answer 5

tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner; by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesized to be driven by underlying negative schemas

Question 6

schema

Answer 6

mental structure for organizing information about the world

Question 7

cognitive restructuring

Answer 7

any behavior therapy procedure that attempts to alter the manner in which a client thinks about life so that he or she changes overt behavior and emotions

Question 8

cognitive behavioral paradigm

Answer 8

general view that people can best be understood by studying how they perceive and structure their experiences and how this influences behavior

Question 9

specific phobia

Answer 9

an unwarranted fear and avoidance of a specific object or circumstance, for example- fear of nonpoisonous snakes or fear of heights

Question 10

heritability

Answer 10

the extent to which variability in a particular behavior/disorder within a population can be attributed to genetic factors

Question 11

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 11

GAD; disorder characterized by chronic, persistent anxiety and worry

Question 12

fear circuit

Answer 12

fight or flight; set of brain structures, including the amygdala, that tend to be activated when the individual is feeling anxious or fearful; especially active among people with anxiety disorders

Question 13

norepinephrine

Answer 13

a catecholamine neurotransmitter, disturbances of which have been related to mania, depression and particularly to anxiety disorders; also a sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter, a hormone released in addition to epinephrine and similar in action and a strong vasoconstrictor

Question 14

neuroticism

Answer 14

overreact to average or non provoking events; tendency to react to events with greater than average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression; doubles the likelihood of developing anxiety

Question 15

cognitive behavior therapy

Answer 15

CBT; behavior therapy that incorporates theory and research on cognitive processes such as thoughts, perceptions, judgements, self-statements, and understood/implied assumptions; a blend of both the cognitive and behavioral paradigms

Question 16

interoceptive conditioning

Answer 16

classical conditioning of panic attacks in response to internal bodily sensations of arousal

Question 17

serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

Answer 17

SNRIs; any of various drugs that inhibit that presynaptic reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, such that both neurotransmitters will have more prolonged effects on postsynaptic neurons

Question 18

panic control therapy

Answer 18

PCT; a cognitive behavior treatment, based on the tendency of individuals with panic disorder to overreact to bodily stimuli in which sensations are induced physically and coped with under safe conditions

Question 19

agoraphobia

Answer 19

fear of the marketplace; person fears situations in which it would be embarrassing or difficult to escape if panic symptoms occurred

Question 20

depersonalization

Answer 20

an alteration in perception of the self in which the individual loses a sense of reality and feels estranged from the self and perhaps separated from the body; may be temporary reaction to stress and fatigue; present in several psychological disorders

Question 21

social anxiety disorder

Answer 21

SAD; collection of fears linked to the presence of other people

Question 22

parasympathetic

Answer 22

division of the autonomic nervous system that acts on bodily systems; for example- contracting the blood vessels, reducing activity of the intestines, and increasing the heartbeat to prepare the organism for exertion, emotional stress or extreme cold

Question 23

anxiety

Answer 23

an unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension accompanied by increased physiological arousal. anxiety can be assessed by self-report, by measuring physiological arousal, and can be observing overt behavior

Question 24

epinephrine

Answer 24

central nervous system neurotransmitter, a catecholamine that is also a precursor or norepinephrine and apparently figures in schizophrenia and several other psychological disorders

Question 25

anxiolytics

Answer 25

minor tranquilizers or benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety disorders

Question 26

panic attack

Answer 26

sudden feeling of intense apprehension, terror and impending doom, accompanied by symptoms such as labored breathing, nausea, chest pain, feelings of choking and smothering heart palpitations, dizziness, sweating and trembling

Question 27

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 27

GAD; disorder characterized by chronic, persistent anxiety and worry

Question 28

derealization

Answer 28

loss of the sense that the surroundings are real; present in several psychological disorders