Test 2 Flashcards
Zionism
Jewish nationalism that grew
Pogroms
Massacre of Jews, was encouraged by tsar. Jews escaped to Palestine
Dreyfus Affair
Leads French Jews and most others to conclude that they were only safe in their own country
Where did Theodore Harzl encourage Jews to move to?
Palestine. Was aided by conditions in Russia, especially eastern Poland, which was under Russian control at the time.
What did the British promise to ARABS?
- Promises to Sharif Hussein in Balfour-Hussein Correspondence (Promises to Arabs)
• Will recognize Arab territories after WW I based off of what Shariff Hussein says - 1920- Creation of British Mandate of Palestine (Palestine)
- Churchill White Paper (1922) “The status of all citizens of Palestine in the eyes of the law shall be Palestinian.” (Limited Jewish emigration to Palestine.)
Who had secret agreements to “carve up” (Oh Price…) the Ottoman Empire?
Britain, France, and Russia
What did British promise to the JEWS?
iii. Balfour Declaration to get Jewish support (1917)
1. Promise of national home for Jews not a state
2. Britain made promises that overlapped and contradicted with each other
iv. The same land promised to too many people leading to conflict
b. Division of territory by the victors
c. Britain and France dominated the League of Nations and thus the division of mandates
The British sponsored both ____ & _____ nationalists movements in their efforts in WW1.
Jewish & Arabic
Arab Revolt, 1936-1939
Encourages Arab rebellion against British. British try to calm tensions by issuing white paper. Calms Arabs by betrays Zionists
1948 War
The United States, Soviet Union, and majority of UN General Assembly voted for partition. No Middle Eastern state voted for partition. Arabs deny Israel’s right to exist and attack. All but Jordan (British trained and equipped from mandate period) shockingly defeated. Israel expands its territory by taking over areas that Palestinians had fled from during the conflict
1956 War
Britain and France attack Egypt, but leave USA & USSR under pressure.
Nassar
Egyptian nationalist, pan-Arab movement leader, sponsored Palestinian raids into Israel from Egypt- controlled Gaza. Got arms from USSR. Nationalizes Suez Canal after British and Americans withdraw from Aswan Dam in response to reliance on the Soviets.
Result of 1956 War was?
Egypt and Syria becoming Soviet clients
Six Days War
1963: Israeli water project on Jordan River. Israeli victory presented it with a problem: control of 1.3 M Palestinians in the acquired West Bank and Gaza Strip.
What led to Camp David talks in 1978?
1973 War
When was the 1st Arab-Israeli Peace Treaty?
1979
1982 War
Israel invades Lebanon to expel Palestinian bases and return Christians to power.
The 2006 Palestinian Elections left Hamas in control of what?
Gaza Strip, moderate Abbs in the West Bank
Two- State Solution
First proposed in 1937. Yeah I guess it says two states in power
Three main issues blocking two-state resolution
- Israel must give up much of West Bank settlements for Palestine to have a territory.
- Palestinians want the right to return to the homes and farms they fled in 1948; Israelis fear being overtaken by the larger Palestinian population.
- Palestinians insist on sovereignty over East Jerusalem and Israelis see Jerusalem as eternally theirs.
Binational One State Solution
Many younger Palestinians have abandoned two-state solution in favor of this. A resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through the creation of a unitary, federal or confederate Israeli-Palestinian state, which would encompass all of the present territory of Israel, the West Bank including East Jerusalem, and possibly the Gaza Strip.
The Great Carve Up
Leading Powers met in Berlin in 1885 for great “carve-up” of Central Africa to demarcate borders. Ethiopia was the only African country not colonized, but was briefly occupied by Italy from 1936-1941.
Decolonization
2+ centuries. First loss as Britain’s loss in N. America. Next was Portugal and Spain losing in Latin America in 1820s. Germany & Turkey lost in WW1. Some after WW2 as well, check notes.
Who was the only one to hold onto colonies past mid-1960s?
Portugal
What was the Soviet Union called?
Second World
What are some things we call decolonization countries now?
Developing areas, BRICs, Global South, nonaligned, etc.
Developing can be classified as….
UN Human Development Index (HDI), World Bank Gross National Income (GNI), IMF
Just look over Legacies of Colonialism in notes because its too much to type.
Sadie did this lecture and we yakked about her… ¯_(ツ)_/¯
Divide and Rule
Reward certain ethnic groups or people over others. Created rivals. Belgium did this in Congo by setting up Tribes.
Direct Rule
Produced bad leaders. Local leaders were disempowered. EX, France, Belgium, & Netherlands.
Indirect Rules
Local leaders were empowered. Educated officials at top. Ex. India.
1948 Apartheid
Complex system of strict racial segregation. Ex- Black S. Africans given no rights. They sustained as a product of Cold War.
End of the Cold War did what in Africa?
Set new forces in motion because both sides lost backing from SU & UN. Nelson Mandela freed from prison.
Muhammad Mossadeq
Popular and charismatic PM. Led a campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Kicked out British workers, which led to chaos because the Iranians did not have workers who could run production and refinement end of ops.
In July 1952, the Majlis gives Mossadeq what?
Emergency powers in a 19-clause document the last of which was “et cetera”
What did the 19-clause doc do?
1) dissolved the upper house of parliament, suspended the supreme court, and confiscated royal property.
2) Shah asks him to resign, he refuses.
3) CIA led coup ousts Majlis from power (a short-term and victory for the United States, because it contributed to resentment against the shah.)
Muhammad Reza Shah
Replaced his father. Initial attempts to assassinate his ass by Communist Party in 1949. Challenged by Muhammad Mossadeq.
SAVAK
Created from White Revolution. Killed & harassed opponents of the Shah’s rule
White Revolution
Land reforms, profit sharing, privatization, heath core, literacy core, women’s rights. Not revolution, more so an attempt to modernize Iran from above, to strengthen the Shah
Ayotollah Khomeini
Changed his position of indifferent to politics in wake of White Rev., starts making speeches that are critical of the Shah. (No longer could we separate church and state “all of Islam is politics”)
In response to Ayatollah Khomeini,
Troops broke into the most famous theological school on Qom and killed two unarmed students. Khomeini goes there the next day to preach and power is cut off. He and 60 others were arrested. Sent to exile in Iraq.
Is the Shah popular in Iran?
Hell no. It’s seen as puppet of USA. All opponents tired of being harassed by SAVAK.
1979 Islamic Revolution
Shah was overthrown. Seen as puppet of Washington. Argo movie plot. 444 days.
What was it about the coalition that topples the Shah?
its diverse. Leftists want secular, liberal democracy. Conservatives want Islamic state. Turned into an Islamic Republic, w/ all major decisions being made by clergy.
Cult of Personality
Concentrates power into a small groups hands. Saddam did this in Iraq. Maybe looks over notes.
When did Saddam come into power? (This won’t be on the test, tf you making it for)
1979
Kurds
Become scapegoat for Saddam’s regime after War with Iran (1980-1988)
Saddam accuses Kurds of?
Conspiring with Iran, so Halabja was attacked with chemical weapons, killing over 5,000 Iraqi Kurds.
Post-invasion of Iraq, De-baathification
Removed al Baathists from power.
Problems of De-baathification?
These were the people who ran the state under Saddam. Crated the 1st wave of opposition to the US.
How much of Iraq’s population is Sh’ia?
60%
How much of Iraq’s population is Sunnis?
35%, but many are Kurds.
What is ISIS?
Sunnis entity. Combination of former Baathists aligned with alienated young people in Iraqi society. Fucked up dudes.
What are the 4 D’s?
Defense, deterrence, detente diplomacy, & disarmament
Defense
Warning. Attack me and you’ll pay for it. Makes opponent’s offense ineffective.
Approaches to security are?
Live and let live, bystanding, bandwagoning, buck-passing, balance of power & hegemony
Live and let live
Non aggressive, cooperative between enemies
Bystanding
Collective inaction dealing with a problem
Bandwagoning
Allowing stronger rival state to gain power; popular among weak states
Buck-pasing
Letting another state deal with a threat
Balance of power
Maintain balance of power to avoid conflict
Hegemony
Dominant power calls the shots
What are two problems with every country’s defense strategy?
Does it have enough & Is it the right kind?
The assumption behind defense is….
The world is dangerous and hostile power might attack you, therefor you need to defend yourself (realism)
Deterrence
Prevent enemy’s attack by convincing them that you are able and willing to impose heavy costs on their actions
Example of deterrence?
Esienhower New Look Policy and the policy of Massive Retaliation
New Look=
Rationale being that the Soviets are going to drain the US resources by escalating regional conflicts like Korean Conflict.
Massive Retaliation=
Centerpiece of New Look policy; US indicated to Soviets that any attack would be met with a disproportionate counter attack.
Deterrence is based on the assumption that?
Hostile goats are rational and make cost- benefit calculations
Security dilemma
By wanting to become more secure and building up forces and armaments, a state often becomes less secure.
Flexible Responce (JFK)
Deterrence by a combination of nuclear and conventional means (moving away from all or nothing strategy of Massive Retaliation.
Detente
French word meaning relaxing of tensions. Period of the Cold War often associated with the 1970’s. (Nixon, Ford, & Carter)
Examples of detente
Strategic Arms Limitations Talks, Helsinki Accords. (Helsinki talks aim at improving relations between NATO and Warsaw countires)
3 tendencies that have spurred the use of detente diplomacy are?
Nuclear weapons and their rapid delivery systems, growth of world trade, & spy satellites, eavesdropping, etc.
2 things needed for detente diplomacy?
Parties to dispute must have more in common than not & both parties must abide by the terms of the agreements.
3 factors that would have increased reliance on detente diplomacy are?
Nuclear weapons made the use of force too dangerous, world trade is growing and beneficial for all countries, & intelligent technology makes violation of agreements difficult to hide.
Detente often precedes
disarmament, ex. Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) pave the way for START
Disarmament
Assumes arms cause wars and arms races do as well. War is caused by weapons.
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START)
Bilateral treaties between US and Soviet Union. Led to massive reduction of nuclear weapons.
START envisioned by?
Ronald Reagan, his administration led to negotiations.
START signed by?
H.W. Bush in 1991
New START signed by?
Barack in 2010
Four primary security strategies?
Defense, deterrence, detente diplomacy, and disarmament.
Most recent defense strategies
Star Wars (SDI) - Reagan Theater missile defense - Clinton National missile defense - Bush 43
Asymmetrical warfare
Uneven forces. (Ex US vs ISIS)
Proliferation Problem
As more and more states began to acknowledge the logic of nuclear weapons they began to acquire nuclear weapons, and proliferation come to fruition.
Thinkers say nukes are good for only 1 thing?
Deterring nuclear attacks
Target hardening
Can protect key interests. It builds up security around potential enemy targets
Difference between national security and economic security?
Economic security ensures a strong, viable economy that supports continued economic growth, whereas national mainly protects against external threats.
Cyber crime
Relatively new concept and cyberattacks can be lethal; the states and state-sponsored groups try to hack into corporate and military date bases in order to gain valuable secrets to undermine rival states’ intelligence and security efforts.
Defense against terrorism relies more on
Information than on weaponry; the deterrence model largely breaks down, diplomacy is unlikely, and disarmament not applicable.
Civil War vs Revolution
Civil War is a process while a Revolution is an outcome. TEST QUESTION.
Many Civil Wars after WWII were results of?
Power vacuums created by decolonization
Revolution vs Coup
Revolution is a fundamental change in regime; a coup merely replaces one leader with another through the use or threat of force.
Parties involved in Civil War are?
Government and at least one non-state actor; there can be multiple opposition groups too in a civil war
Relative Deprivation
Explain internal conflict. Unequal motivates underdog groups.
According to Ted Gurr, relative deprivation takes place through?
Frustration-agression hypothesis
When the gap between expectations and realization grows….
It becomes a “revolution of rising expectations.”
One of the most precipitating facts in civil war?
Poverty
Proxy Wars
Outside powers which pursue their interests by aiding foreign forces
One of the concepts long blamed for civil war is?
Ethnicity
Diaspora
Refers to the nationality or ethnic groups scattered among several countries.
Syrian Civil War
Has it become a proxy war for Sunnis’ Shia?
Domestic Terrorism
Non-state actor (ex OK City bombing)
International Terrorism
Non-state actor (ex Munich massacre, 9/11)
Asymmetric Warfare
More appropriate general term for terrorism. Often the first stage of insurgency. Biomes tactic or strategy.
Blowback
Pattern emerges form helping Islamist groups: they turn on their sponsors. (We give them guns for one things, they use them against use for another).
Drone Warfare
Killing mother fuckers with drones.
