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Geology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Viscosity of the magma is controlled by?
A

temperature and silicon content of the magma

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2
Q

The shape of shield volcanoes is a function of?

A

lava viscosity

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3
Q

Why do composite volcanoes consist of alternating lava and pyroclastic layers?

A

Composite cones are created by a mixture of explosive activity and lava flows.

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4
Q

A lahar is produced when?

A

ash and other pyroclastic ejecta become saturated with water

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5
Q

Why is topographic monitoring sometimes useful in forecasting a volcanic eruption?

A

A volcano sometimes swells as lava moves into the edifice.

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6
Q

Why is the geologic history of a volcano important in hazard prediction?

A

The geologic history reveals the frequency and style of eruptions.

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7
Q

Seismic activity serves as a tool of volcanic forecasting because

A

moving magma causes earthquakes

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8
Q

Which volcano represents the greatest hazard to the area around Tacoma in Washington State?

A

Mt. Rainier

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9
Q

What is the name for the basaltic lava flow that has a ropy, folded surface?

A

pahoehoe

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10
Q

Yellowstone, in Wyoming, is an example of a

A

Caldera

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11
Q
  1. Why did extensive flooding occur upstream of St. Louis during the 1993 Mississippi River flood?
A

Floodwalls protecting St. Louis caused a bottleneck in the river’s flow.

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12
Q

The portion of rainfall that flows off the land and directly into a river is called

A

runoff

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13
Q

What is river base level?

A

the lowest level to which a river may erode

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14
Q

The suspended load of most rivers consists mostly of

A

silt and clay

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15
Q

If a stream channel is of constant width and depth, how must increased discharge be accommodated?

A

increased velocity

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16
Q

The Ventura Beach RV Resort was flooded because

A

it was constructed in an unrecognized distributary channel that became active

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17
Q

The total load of sediment that a river carries in a given period of time is called

A

Capacity

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18
Q

Why might logging of a drainage basin change the slope of the river?

A

Increased sediment load causes the river to steepen its gradient to transport more sediment.

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19
Q

What type of river channel is characterized by multiple channels and gravel bars?

A

Braided

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20
Q

How do point bars and cut banks differ from one another in a stream system?

A

Cut banks are sites of erosion, while point bars are sites of deposition.

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21
Q

What is the best description of the “10-year flood”?

A

a flood that has a 10% chance of occurring on any given year

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22
Q

The degree of urbanization can amplify flooding primarily by

A

a high percentage of impervious cover and the percentage of area served by storm sewers

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23
Q

In what way can structural control of floods actually increase flood damage?

A

by encouraging development on the floodplain

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24
Q

Which of the following particles is the MOST likely to be eroded from a stream bed?

A

Sand

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25
Q

Which of the following is MOST likely to be transported as suspended load?

A

Clay

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26
Q 
Which of the following equations for stream discharge is correct?
Discharge = length x velocity
Discharge = Depth x velocity
Discharge = width x depth x velocity
Discharge = volume x velocity x distance
A

Discharge = width x depth x velocity

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27
Q

Because of undercutting action, waterfalls…

A

Retreat upstream

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28
Q

A stream that has a smoothly curving longitudinal profile representing a balance between erosion and sedimentation is referred to as a __________ stream.

A

Graded

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29
Q

. A drainage divide is a….

A

topographic high that separates stream systems

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30
Q

A tree-like drainage pattern is known as

A

Dendritic

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31
Q

In 1908, the Tunguska River Valley in Siberia experienced

A

an aerial burst of a meteor

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32
Q

A meteoroid is

A

a small particle of an asteroid

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33
Q

A meteor is

A

a meteoroid that has entered the Earth’s atmosphere

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34
Q

A meteorite is

A

a meteoroid, asteroid, or comet that strikes the Earth’s surface

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35
Q

In 1994, the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with

A

Jupiter

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36
Q

A meteorite impact crater can be distinguished from a volcanic crater through the presence of

A

high pressure metamorphic minerals

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37
Q

Why are impact craters more common on the Moon and Mars than on Earth?

A

the Moon and Mars have thinner atmospheres

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38
Q

The Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction was apparently caused by a meteorite that struck

A

Yucatan Peninsula

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39
Q

What element was found to be enriched in a thin clay layer marking the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at several sites around the world?

A

iridium

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40
Q

How big was the meteorite that apparently caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction?

A

10 km

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41
Q

Archaeopteryx was an important discovery for its time because

A

It was transitional between feathered dinosaurs and modern birds

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42
Q

Which of the following represents the longest time period

A

Precambrian

43
Q

The ____________ was an era dominated by the dinosaurs

A

Mesozoic

44
Q

Age defined by radiometric dating is often referred to as ________________age.

A

Absolute

45
Q

A rock formed with 1,000 atoms of a radioactive parent element, but only contains 250 radioactive parent atoms today. If the half-life is 1,000,000 years, how old is the rock?

A

2,000,000 years

46
Q

Mammals become abundant in the ______________era.

A

Cenozoic

47
Q

The study of faunal succession allows ___________

A

matching of similarly-aged rocks from different outcrops

48
Q

A cladogram is a ______________________.

A

a diagram showing relationships among organisms.

49
Q

Which of the following does NOT describe an Index Fossil
Answer
Only preserved in one area of the Earth
Easily identifiable
Existed for only a short time before going extinct
Commonly preserved in the rock dating to the time period in which they existed.

A

Only preserved in one area of the Earth

50
Q

Stromatolites are some of the earliest fossils dating to the _____________________.

A

Precambrian

51
Q

What factor has contributed to the drying up of streams and the intrusion of salty groundwater in the Long Island area?

A

overpumping of groundwater

52
Q

If water is so abundant on Earth, why are water resources such a big concern?

A

Water resources are not necessarily where humans need them and when they need them.

53
Q

Why is sediment yield an important consideration in a discussion of water supplies?

A

Sediment is a common water pollutant.

54
Q

The boundary between drainage basins is called the

A

drainage divide

55
Q

Vegetation decreases runoff by

A

intercepting rainfall and slowing its fall to the ground

56
Q

Which of the following would likely serve as an aquitard?

A

Silt

57
Q

An artesian well is one that

A

Emits water without pumping

58
Q

The rate of groundwater flow is proportional to the

A

the hydraulic gradient and hydraulic conductivity

59
Q

Why has water quality degraded in the Edwards aquifer?

A

The aquifer is recharged by rivers flowing into karst limestones.

60
Q

Why is karst topography a concern for groundwater quality?

A

Waste disposed in karst areas can easily infiltrate into the ground.

61
Q

How did Hurricane Floyd contribute to dramatic water pollution in North Carolina?

A

Intense rain and river flooding caused poorly sited pig farm waste lagoons to overflow.

62
Q

The level of decaying organic matter in water is indicated by what measure?

A

biochemical oxygen demand

63
Q

What measures have largely eliminated waterborne diseases in the United States?

A

separation of sewage and drinking water

64
Q

The biomagnification of mercury occurs as mercury moves through

A

the aquatic food chain

65
Q

Which of the following would be considered a point source of pollution?

A

industrial wastewater discharge

66
Q

What happened to the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland in 1969?

A

it caught fire

67
Q

Saltwater intrusion results from

A

overpumping of groundwater

68
Q

Acid mine drainage is a problem because

A

the acid water may mobilize hazardous heavy metals

69
Q

In what type of rock do caves mostly form?

A

Limestone

70
Q

How fast does most groundwater move in aquifers?

A

A few centimeters per day

71
Q

How many NEOs (Near Earth Objects) have been discovered so far?

A

13,850

72
Q

How many of these are considered PHAs (Potentially Hazardous Asteroid)?

A

1,681

73
Q

What is the threshold size of an object that would produce a catastrophic disaster if it struck the earth?

A

1 kilometer (1,000 meters)

74
Q

How often is it expected that an asteroid or comet with a diameter greater than 1km strike the earth?

A

On average, about every 1 million years.

75
Q

Why would collision with such an object produce more than just a local effect?

A

A collision that size would affect the climate of the planet for many years.

76
Q

Fragmented
rock, ash &
dust is?

A

Pyroclastics

77
Q

3 types of volcano types are?

A

shield, composite, and cinder

78
Q

High viscosity lavas dont do what?

A

flow far from eruption center

79
Q

Most of the gases in magma are?

A

H20 (water vapor), and C02

80
Q

The three types of magma are?

A

Basaltic, Andesitic, and Rhyolitic

81
Q

What type of volcano can for abruptly?

A

Cinder Cones

82
Q

Gas cavities from escaping dissolved gases are?

A

Vesicles

83
Q

Extremely vesicular volcanic rock, and very silica rich

A

Pumice

84
Q

any flowing body of water. A stream
is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed
and stream banks

A

Stream

85
Q

3 basic parts of a stream are..

A

Valley, channel, and floodplain

86
Q

Low sediment load, and low velocity streams are….

A

Meanders

87
Q

High sediment load, and high velocity streams are…

A

Braided Streams

88
Q

What type of stream can form oxbow lakes?

A

Meanders

89
Q 
A stream
whose channel divides into an
interlacing network of channels,
which then rejoin in a pattern
resembling braids of hair.
A

Braided Stream

90
Q

Why are floodplains so important?

A

They form natural levees

91
Q

: The volume of water passing through a given

location of a river per unit of time is a rivers…

A

Discharge

92
Q

What is the Archaeopteryx?

A

Link between feathered dinosaurs and modern birds

93
Q

The order of events in geology is the…

A

Relative Time

94
Q

Radio active varieties of an element are…

A

Isotopes

95
Q

This is used to date a particlular rock strata based on sequence of living organisms

A

fossil assemblage

96
Q

These are geological records of biological activities

A

Trace Fossils

97
Q

Coprolites are..

A

fossilized droppings

98
Q

What were some of the first multi-cellular organism, and were also once widespread?

A

Stromatolites

99
Q

the most rapid and widespread diversification of life in Earth’s
history, known as the

A

Cambrian explosion

100
Q

most of the hoover damns power goes where?

A

california

101
Q

the study of water movements on,
over, and under the Earth’s surface; how this flow
responds to natural and human induced change

A

Hydrology

102
Q

50% of water usage can be attributed to what?

A

Industy

103
Q

a sinking of the
Earth’s surface caused by loss of
aquifer porosity

A

subsidence

Geology (3 decks)

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