Test 2

Question 1

Zone of compression

Answer 1

greater pressure

Question 2

Zone of rarefaction

Answer 2

lesser pressure

Question 3

Standing wave

Answer 3

wave reflected back in specific way- length of tube and wavelength- c/2L in closed tube, Fn at nc/2L

Question 4

Anti-node

Answer 4

peak w/ peak, valley w/ valley, cause double amplitude, maximum displacement variation, minimum pressure variation

Question 5

Node

Answer 5

peaks with valleys, 0 amplitude- minimum displacement variation, maximum pressure variation

Question 6

Standing wave in vocal tract

Answer 6

Not closed tube, only closed at one end. Standing wave occurs at Fn= (2n-1)c/4L (from c/4L). Physical characteristics of tube determine which sounds resonante

Question 7

2 tubes

Answer 7

highest point of tongue forms vowel restriction- back and front tubes, different frequencies,

Question 8

ʔ

Answer 8

Glottalized /t/- optional (regional), word final or before n in same word (got, button), most likely following syllable is unstressed

Question 9

tˈ

Answer 9

lateral release, Homorganic- same active articulators for both sounds. works with coronal, sort of dorsal, not labial sounds. Stop is released laterally.

Question 10

p^n

Answer 10

Nasal release, homorganic sound sequence, dorsal with ng, coronal with n, labial with m- stop released nasally, when word final, it is syllabic.

Question 11

Syllabic consonants

Answer 11

r,l,m,n,ng can be syllabic, /ɹ/ written as ɚ or ɝ, nasals and /l/ only when word final, following obstruent, unstressed

Question 12

t̯,k̟

Answer 12

fronting- contiguous- POA adjacent- K+j or front, t+either th- key vs. kaw, eigTth vs eight

Question 13

p̚

Answer 13

unreleased stop- optional when word final or pragmatic, common when followed by another consonant (even across words), heterorganic- different POA, articulators move separately

Question 14

ɾ

Answer 14

flapping- alveolar stops become taps when occur between stressed and unstressed vowels- butter, daddy, winter,

Question 15

pʰ

Answer 15

Aspiration- release puff of air, voiceless stops, increase in amplitude in waveform, high frequency, delays following sound. Aspirated when initial in stressed, not after s, optional when word-final

Question 16

Vowel length

Answer 16

vowels shorter when followed by word-final voiceless consonants- pre-fortis clipping

Question 17

Lenis

Answer 17

weak- short, quiet, unaspirated, sometimes voiced

Question 18

Fortis

Answer 18

strong- long, loud, aspirated, always voiceless

Question 19

sʷ

Answer 19

sibilants- rounding

Question 20

r̥

Answer 20

w,r,l,j- devoiced- after voiceless stops, replaces aspiration

Question 21

ɫ

Answer 21

velarized l- before vowels clear, after vowels dark

Question 22

rhotic vowels

Answer 22

ɚ,ɝ,ɛr,ɔr,ɪr,ɑr,a͡ɪr,a͡ʊr,ʊr

Question 23

æ̃

Answer 23

nasalization- vowels nasalized before nasals in syllable

Question 24

factors that affect vowel length

Answer 24

stress, voicing, quality, speech rate, position in utterance