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Phonetics > Phonetics final > Flashcards

Phonetics final Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of ear

A
  • Outer ear- up to ear drum
  • Middle ear- ear drum to cochlea
  • Cochlea
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2
Q

Hearing thresholds

A

Human hearing range- 30-20,000 Hz
Below human threshold- infrasound
Above hearing threshold- ultrasound

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3
Q

Suprasegmmentals

A

comprise several linguistically important phenomena which aren’t segmental such as length, stress, pitch, and intonation

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4
Q

Open vs. Closed syllable

A

open syllable has no coda, closed syllable has one or more

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5
Q

Light vs. Heavy syllable

A

Light- V, CV, maybe CVC

Heavy- VV, CVV, CVCC, CVVCC, maybe CVC

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6
Q

Syllable positions

A

Ultimate- final syllable
Penultimate- second to last syllable
Antepenultimate- third to last

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7
Q

Sonority index

A

Low vowels > Mid vowels > High vowels > r > l > Nasals > Sibilant > Voiced fricative > Voiceless non sibilant > voiced stops > Voiceless stops

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8
Q

Mora

A

Unit (mostly for Japanese)- measures time, coda is own mora, branching nucleus is two mora- haiku

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9
Q

Vowel length

A

Represented by triangle colon, sometimes contrastive, sometimes accompanied by quality differences

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10
Q

Pitch and tone

A

Pitch- changes in fundamental frequency
Tone- pitch when it distinguishes words
Many languages are tonal

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11
Q

Downdrift

A

In languages with high and low town, low tone stays same but high tone drifts downward

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12
Q

Downstep

A

high tone becomes lower- each low tone is following high tone

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13
Q

Pitch accent

A

phenomenon in Japanese- —pattern of low town on first mora and high town on subsequent on unaccented.
-On accented, fall from high to low tone with upside down L symbol. Usually first mora is low, subsequent are high, except following L

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14
Q

Stress

A

-prominence of one syllable, due to greater loudness, higher pitch, and longer duration. Some languages (french) have one stress per word in the same location. English has alternating stresses.

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15
Q

Feet

A

constituent of word consisting of two syllables. the stressed syllable is the head. odd number of syllables, remaining syllable is own foot- degenerate. When feet have fixed # of syllables, they are bounded. When they have any number of syllables they are unbounded

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16
Q

Intonation

A

use of pitch distinctively over a phrase, conveys meaning

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17
Q

Front vowel UPSID trends

A
  • CV 1,2,3&raquo_space; others (i, e, E)

- Unrounded&raquo_space; rounded

18
Q

Central vowel UPSID trends

A

CV a and -i and schwa

unrounded&raquo_space; rounded

19
Q

Back vowel UPSID trends

A

u, o, back c, little a more common than others

20
Q

Retroflex vs. Palato-alveolar

A

Retroflex- tongue tip curved back

Palato-alveolar- tongue blade raised

21
Q

UPSID Stop drends

A
  • Bilabial stops universal
  • Labiodental stops (gaps in teeth) not attested
  • Linguo-labial rare
  • Coronal stops universal
  • Dorsal stops- palatal and uvular less common, velar universal
  • Pharyngeal stops unattested, epiglottal stops rare
  • Glottal stops sometimes contrastive sometimes allophones
  • Most languages have 3-5 POA for stops
22
Q

UPSID Nasal trends

A
  • Most languages have 2-4 nasal POA

- n nearly universal, m very common, ng common, palatal nasal sort of common

23
Q

UPSID fricative trends

A
  • Non sibilant- labiodental most common, then velar, bilabial, and uvular, others less common
  • Sibilant- apical very common, laminal relatively comon
24
Q

UPSID affricate trends

A

-Usually homorganic- tsh- 45, ts- 30, dj- 25 mostly sibilants

25
Q

Trill trends

A
  • Usually 2-5 periods of vibration

- apical and uvular most common

26
Q

Taps and Flaps trends

A
  • Taps- movement up and down
  • Flap- movement passing from behind
  • Most commonly apical
27
Q

Modal voice

A
  • Periodic vocal fold vibration
  • No major difference between open and close phases of glottis
  • Typical, most frequent voicing for most sounds in most languages
28
Q

Breathy voice

A

Periodic vocal fold vibration but vocal folds never make full contact, audible breath noise

Between voicing and voiceless

Bottom umlaut

Very light on spectrogram

29
Q

Creaky voice

A
  • Irregular glottal pulsing
  • arytenoids tightly closed
  • between voiced and closed
  • bottom umlaut
  • uptalk
30
Q

Glottal states in order

A

closed-creaky-modal voiced- breathy voice- voiceless

31
Q

Pulmonic egressive

A
  • Primary mechanism for speech
  • All sounds in Egnlish
  • Glottis never closed
32
Q

Pulmonic ingressive

A
  • Easy to make
  • Voiced sounds unusual
  • Frequently used for short utterances to breath in
  • Paralinguistic- usually not contrastive
33
Q

Glottalic egressive

A
  • Ejectives
  • transcribed [p’]
  • Also possible with fricatives and affricates
  • Not voiced
34
Q

Glottalic ingressive

A
  • Implosives
  • Voiceless rare
  • Closed glottis
  • Very voiced stops
35
Q

Velaric ingressive

A
  • Clicks
  • Dorsovelar closure and further forward closure
  • Found in languages in southern africa
  • Frequently special sounds
36
Q

Tube equations

A

For a closed tube- nc/2L=Fn
For an open tube-
(2n-1)c/4L=Fn

37
Q

Period

A

T
seconds
How long does it take for one complete cycle?

38
Q

Frequency

A

f
1/t
periods/second (Hz)
How many times does the cycle repeat in unit of time?

39
Q

Speed of sound

A

c
cm/s
How fast does the wave travel in this medium?

40
Q

Wavelength

A

λ
c/f
cm
How far does a wave travel in 1 period?

41
Q

Formant

A

Vocal tract resonances

Phonetics (2 decks)

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