Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
all antidepressants have a potential for
A
lowering the threshold for seizure activity, especially when alcohol is being consumed
2
Q
patients consuming this drug should avoid foods high in levels of tyramine…why?
A
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors…MAOis essential for the adequate breakdown of tyramine
3
Q
what has been reported as a consequence of dietary intake of tyramine in patients taking MAOIs
A
hypertensive emergencies and fatal accelerated hypertension
4
Q
chief side effects of Tricyclic antidepressants
A
anti-cholinergic signs and symptoms such as dry mouth, constipation, urinary hesitancy, orthostatic hypotension, and sedation
5
Q
drug where high toxicity is usually due to prolongation of QT interval, leading to arrhythmias
A
Tricyclic antidepressants
6
Q
class of Amitriptyline/ Elavil
A
TCA
7
Q
ind. of Amitriptyline/ Elavil
A
major depression, bipolar disorder, migraine and tension headaches, chronic pain
8
Q
MOA of Amitriptyline/ Elavil
A
CNS modulation of both serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing levels of each of these neurotransmitters
9
Q
side effects of Amitriptyline/ Elavil
A
Dizziness and marked drowsiness. Anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, constipation, urinary hesitancy and blurred vision. Stopping treatment abruptly cause withdrawal-like symptoms i.e. nausea, headache, dizziness, lethargy, and flu-like symptoms. This is referred to as discontinuation syndrome.
10
Q
class of Trazodone/ Desyrel
A
Tetracyclic
11
Q
ind. of Trazodone/ Desyrel
A
major depressive disorder, anxiety, panic disorder and insomnia
12
Q
MOA of Trazodone/ Desyrel
A
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor and partial antagonist. Decreased serotonin reuptake at presynaptic cleft allows for increased serotonin levels in the synapse and increased serotonin made available at post-synaptic receptor sites.
13
Q
side effects of Trazodone/ Desyrel
A
Sedation, orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, possible cardiac dysrhythmias, possible mania in patients with bipolar disorder. Increased risk of suicide.
14
Q
most commonly prescribed category of antidepressant drugs
A
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
15
Q
class of Fluoxetine/ Prozac
A
SSRI
16
Q
ind. of Fluoxetine/ Prozac
A
major depressive disorder, OCD, bulimia and panic disorder
17
Q
MOA of Fluoxetine/ Prozac
A
decreased serotonin reuptake at presynaptic cleft allows for increased serotonin levels in the synapse and increased serotonin made available at post-synaptic receptor sites
18
Q
side effects of Fluoxetine/ Prozac
A
Side effects as noted along with potential for serotonin syndrome with symptoms of fever, agitation, diarrhea and elevated blood pressure. Sexual dysfunction is a very common side-effect with all SSRIs. Common sexual side-effects include lack of interest in sex, impotency and anorgasmia (inability to reach orgasm).
19
Q
what drug category may interfere and reduce the efficiency of SSRIs and compound risk of GI bleeds caused by SSRI use
A
NSAIDs
20
Q
drug used for major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder, painful peripheral neuropathy and fibromyalgia
A
Duloxetine/ Cymbalta
21
Q
Antidepressant you would give to a patient who also has insomnia
A
tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants
22
Q
“depressing” side effect of SSRIs
A
weight gain
23
Q
class of Bupropion/ Wellbutrin
A
norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) and nicotine receptor antagonist
24
Q
ind. of Bupropion/ Wellbutrin
A
Major depression, bipolar disorder and attention deficit disorder. Aid in smoking cessation is another indication for Bupropion, although it is marketed under the brand name Zyban when it is used as for that purpose.
25
MOA of Bupropion/ Wellbutrin
Blockade of norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake increases the available pool of these amines in the synaptic cleft.
26
side effects of Bupropion/ Wellbutrin
Headache, insomnia, dry mouth, tremors, restlessness, agitation, anxiety, sweating and dizziness.
27
all antidepressants are being looked at for potential of an increase in
suicidal behavior
28
antidepressant indicated for smoking cessation
Bupropion/Wellbutrin
29
depression may be associated with deficiency in this vitamin
folate
30
active form of folic acid
Levomefolic acid aka methyltetrahydrofolate aka 5-MTHF
31
nutriceutical adjunct therapy for depression
Levomefolic acid/ Deplin
32
adding ___ to anxiolytics and sedatives makes the sedative effect more powerful
alcohol
33
in general anxiolytics have this effect
sedation
34
are receptor sites for barbituates and benzodiazepines in the same place?
No, appear to be adjacent but not in the same location as the GABA sites on cell membrane of neurons in CNS.
35
block GABA can result in
seizures
36
at higher doses barbiturates will result in
coma and death
37
do barbiturates have analgesic properties
no
38
ultra-short acting barbiturates
Thiopental/Pentothal
39
short acting barbiturates
Pentobarbital/Nembutal
40
Intermediate-acting barbiturates
Butalbital/Fiorinal
41
Long-acting barbiturates
Phenobarbital/Luminal
42
reasons why barbiturates have largely been replaced
drug tolerance, psychological and physical dependence, severe withdrawal symptoms (can be fatal), potential for coma and respiratory failure esp when alcohol consumed
43
how do benzodiazepines work
Benzodiazepines act by binding to specific, high affinity sites on the cell membrane of neurons in the CNS which are adjacent to but separate from the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor sites.
44
short-acting benzodiazepines are generally used for
patients with sleep onset insomnia (difficulty falling asleep)
45
short-acting benzodiazepine utilized for sedation and anxiety prior to such procedures as upper and lower G.I. endoscopy as well as prior to general anesthesia and in critical care settings.
Midazolam/Versed...also for acute management of aggressive, violent or delirious patients
46
benzodiazepine with longer duration
Diazepam/Valium
47
```
class of
Diazepam/ Valium
```
benzodiazepine
48
ind. of
| Diazepam/ Valium
Anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant and seizure control
49
MOA of
| Diazepam/ Valium
Binds to benzodiazepine receptors in the C.N.S. to enhance GABA activity
50
side effects of
| Diazepam/ Valium
Drowsiness, impaired mentation, tolerance and addiction. Rebound insomnia may occur after drug discontinuation. Withdrawal can be severe, similar to that of barbiturates, especially when patient has been on chronic therapy.
51
class of Eszopiclone/ Lunesta
Benzodiazepine-like hypnotic
52
ind. of Eszopiclone/ Lunesta
Treatment of insomnia
53
MOA of Eszopiclone/ Lunesta
Potentiation of GABA effect on chloride ion channels by binding to a specific receptor site not involved with the binding of benzodiazepines.
54
side effects of Eszopiclone/ Lunesta
Impaired mentation prior to sedation. Eszopiclone is reported as having minimal drowsiness upon awakening and minimal change in mentation relative to all other benzodizepines. As with almost every medication, the full side effect profile may not be fully appreciated until that drug has been in use for at least five years or more.
55
melatonin agonist
Remelteon/Rozerem
56
MOA of Remelteon/Rozerem
melatonin receptor agonist with high binding affinity at the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors
57
most common symptoms of benzodiazepine overdose
CNS depression and signs of intoxication with impaired balance, ataxia and slurred speech.
58
class/MOA of Flumazenil/ Romazicon
benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that can rapidly reverse effects of benzodiazepines
59
effectiveness of Flumazenil/ Romazicon
Flumazenil is very effective at reversing the CNS depression associated with benzodiazepines but is less effective at reversing respiratory depression.
60
main MOA of neuroleptic drugs
blockade of dopamine receptors in the brain
61
For neuroleptic drugs, five dopamine receptors have been identified and the chief antipsychotic effects of the neuroleptics appears related to dopamine blockade at the
D2 receptors
62
what pathway has been linked to psychotic experiences w/ neuroleptic drugs
Mesolimbic pathway...Excess release of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway has been linked to psychotic experiences and it is the blockade of dopamine receptors in this pathway that is thought to control psychotic experiences.
63
Adverse effects commonly observed with the use of neuroleptics include:
```
Tremors/ Parkinsonian effects,
Tardive dyskinesia,
Postural hypotension,
Blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention,
Sexual dysfunction,
Increased prolactin release,
Drowsiness
```
64
Chronic treatment w/ neuroleptic agents may lead to
Parkinsonian-like symptoms such as uncoordinated muscular movement, dystonia (abnormal muscle tone), “pill rolling”, limb rigidity and shuffling gait along with extrapyramidal signs such as akinesia (inability to initiate movement), akathisia (inability to remain motionless), and tardive dyskinesia (facial grimacing and inappropriate posturing of the tongue, neck, trunk and limbs).
65
Define Tardive dyskinesia
Dyskinesia refers to an involuntary movement. Facial grimacing and involuntary movements of limbs are examples of dyskinesias.
The effect of these drugs can be tardive, meaning the dyskinesia continues on or first appears after the drugs are no longer being taken.
66
addition side effect of neuroleptic drugs that occurs rarely
neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
67
neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by
catatonia, fluctuating blood pressure, dysarthria and fever
68
neuroleptic malignant syndrome may be fatal if what doesn't happen
This syndrome may be fatal if the antipsychotic drug is not immediately discontinued and the patient receives treatment with a dopamine agonist such as Bromocriptine.
69
Random effect of neuroleptic drugs
Most of the neuroleptic drugs have anti-emetic effects that are mediated by blocking D2 dopaminergic receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla.
Several neuroleptics are useful in the treatment of the severe nausea that occurs as result of cancer chemotherapy.
70
class of Chlorpromazine/ Thorazine
Typical neuroleptic
71
ind. of Chlorpromazine/ Thorazine
psychosis, mania, schizophrenia as well as nausea and vomiting and intractable hiccoughs.
72
MOA of Chlorpromazine/ Thorazine
Chiefly D2 dopaminergic receptor site blockade. Also alpha-adrenergic blockade and H1 blockade (anti-histamine effects).
73
side effects of Chlorpromazine/ Thorazine
significant side effects include onset of Parkinsonian symptoms and extrapyramidal signs such as tardive dyskinesia. Increased release of prolactin commonly occurs as a result of dopamine blockade. Increased prolactin can result in galactorrhea and amenorrhea in women and infertility in both men and women.
74
Drug with increased release of prolactin commonly occurs as a result of dopamine blockade. Increased prolactin can result in galactorrhea and amenorrhea in women and infertility in both men and women.
Chlorpromazine/ Thorazine
75
class of Prochlorperazine/ Compazine
Typical neuroleptic
76
ind. of Prochlorperazine/ Compazine
Psychosis as well as vertigo and nausea and vomiting, particularly when associated with migraine headaches.
77
MOA of Prochlorperazine/ Compazine
Primarily H1-histamine receptor antagonist as well as alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist and D2 dopaminergic receptor antagonist.
78
side effects of Prochlorperazine/ Compazine
Significant drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention. Lowers seizure threshold. Extrapyramidal side effects generally seen only when Prochlorperazine is given at high doses over long periods of time.
79
class of Haloperidol/ Haldol
Typical neuroleptic
80
ind. of Haloperidol/ Haldol
Psychosis, Tourette’s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, acute agitated behavior.
81
MOA of Haloperidol/ Haldol
Chiefly D2 dopaminergic receptor site blockade.
82
side effects of Haloperidol/ Haldol
Chiefly Parkinsonian-like symptoms and EXTRAPYRAMIDAL effects, which may be very dramatic. Tremors very common. Less blockade of the muscarinic and the alpha-adrenergic receptors compared to other neuroleptic agents such as Chlorpromazine. The potentially fatal NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME (NMS) is a significant possible side effect
83
drug indicated for acute agitated behavior
Haloperidol/ Haldol
84
class of Clozapine/ Clozaril
Atypical neuroleptic
85
ind. of Clozapine/ Clozaril
Schizophrenia, especially when other anti-psychotic agents have failed or have produced undesirable side effects.
86
MOA of Clozapine/ Clozaril
Multiple receptor site blockade yet greatest effects at D2 and 5-HT2 (serotonin) receptor sites.
87
side effects of Clozapine/ Clozaril
Relatively diminished extra-pyramidal side effects compared to other neuroleptic agents. Agranulocytosis has been reported in 1 to 2% of patients. (Clozapine should be withheld if granulocyte count is
88
drug with side effects of agranulocytosis and myocarditis
Clozapine/ Clozaril
89
class of Respiradone/ Risperdal
atypical neuroleptic
90
ind. of Respiradone/ Risperdal
psychosis
91
MOA of Respiradone/ Risperdal
Exact mechanism of action is unknown yet presumed to be a combination of dopamine and serotonin receptor blockade.
92
side effects of Respiradone/ Risperdal
Extrapyramidal effects, tardive dyskinesia, constipation, sedation. Slow withdrawal is recommended to reduce the incidence of acute psychosis. Weight gain, hyperglycemia and diabetes. Increased risk for stroke in elderly patients.
93
Drug type with side effects of weight gain, hyperglycemia, diabetes and increased risk for stroke in elderly patients.
Atypical neuroleptics
94
class of Olanzapine/ Zyprexa
Atypical neuroleptic
95
ind. of Olanzapine/ Zyprexa
Schizophrenia, especially when other antipsychotic agents have failed or have produced undesirable side effects.
96
MOA of Olanzapine/ Zyprexa
Multiple receptor site blockade yet greatest effects at D2 and 5-HT2 receptor sites.
97
side effects of Olanzapine/ Zyprexa
Relatively diminished extra-pyramidal side effects compared to other neuroleptic agents. Weight gain, hyperglycemia and diabetes. Increased risk for stroke in elderly patients.
98
use of lithium salts
Lithium salts are used prophylactically in treating bipolar disorder and in the treatment of manic episodes.
99
MOA of lithium salts
The exact MOA of lithium as a drug is not known but it may serve to dampen transmission by norepinephrine as well as acting to diminish response to glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter.
100
class of Lithium carbonate/ Eskalith
lithium salt
101
ind. of Lithium carbonate/ Eskalith
Bipolar disorder and manic episodes. Lithium has also being used in the treatment of schizophrenia.
102
thing to remember about Lithium carbonate/ Eskalith
Very small therapeutic index such that therapeutic serum levels may be extremely close to toxic levels. Blood levels of lithium must be frequently checked.
103
side effects of Lithium carbonate/ Eskalith
A major problem with lithium treatment is lack of compliance, especially due to the side effects of weight gain, cognitive impairment and short-term memory deficits.
104
Most common renal effect of Lithium
The most common renal effect of lithium is impaired concentration capacity due to reduced renal response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
105
Drug where The incidence of polyuria due to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is approximately up to 20% of patients receiving chronic treatment.
Lithium carbonate/ Eskalith
106
Drug where Hypothyroidism may occur in 5% to 35% of patients on long term therapy.
Lithium carbonate/ Eskalith
107
main MOA of anticonvulsant drugs
sodium channel blockade and potentiate GABA
108
class of Phenobarbital/ Phenobarb
Barbiturate anticonvulsant
109
ind. of Phenobarbital/ Phenobarb
Generalized seizures
110
MOA of Phenobarbital/ Phenobarb
Enhanced GABA activity
111
Side effects of Phenobarbital/ Phenobarb
CNS depression, drowsiness, associated with lowered IQ scores in children undergoing chronic treatment.
112
class of Primidone/ Mysoline
Barbiturate anticonvulsant
113
MOA of Primidone/ Mysoline
Exact MOA unknown but Phenobarbital is a known metabolite of Primidone so GABA mediated inhibition is considered as chief MOA.
114
ind. of Primidone/ Mysoline
All types of seizure disorders except absence seizures.
115
side effects of Primidone/ Mysoline
Nausea, anorexia, headache, vertigo, ataxia. Category D – do not use in pregnancy unless life threatening condition.
116
drug with half life of its metabolites > 48 hours
Primidone/ Mysoline
117
known metabolite of Primidone/ Mysoline
Phenobarbital
118
class of Diazepam/ Valium
Benzodiazepine anticonvulsant
119
MOA of Diazepam/ Valium
Increased sensitivity of GABA receptor sites to GABA with subsequent increased chloride influx which serves to inhibit CNS synaptic transmission.
120
ind. of Diazepam/ Valium
Grand mal seizures. Status epilepticus. Seldom if ever used as a chronic treatment choice for seizures. Anxiety, panic disorder.
121
drug for status epilepticus
Diazepam/Valium
122
class of Clonazepam/ Klonopin
Benzodiazepine anticonvulsant
123
MOA of Clonazepam/ Klonopin
Similar to Diazepam
124
Ind. of Clonazepam/ Klonopin
Alternative to Ethosuximide or Valproic acid for absence seizures. Status epilepticus.
125
Side effects of Clonazepam/ Klonopin
Drowsiness, altered mentation, additive with CNS depressants, marked abuse potential. Tolerance develops.
126
anticonvulsant with marked abuse potential
Clonazepam/ Klonopin
127
class of Phenytoin/ Dilantin
Anticonvulsant
128
MOA of Phenytoin/ Dilantin
Reduces sodium and calcium and currents across neuronal membranes.
129
ind. of Phenytoin/ Dilantin
Prophylaxis for all types of seizures except absence seizures.
130
side effects of Phenytoin/ Dilantin
Nystagmus, ataxia, gingival hyperplasia, possible hepatotoxicity, and possible bone marrow suppression. I.V. administration may cause hypotension and arrythmias.
131
Drug with side effects of nystagmus and gingival hyperplasia
Phenytoin/ Dilantin
132
class of Carbamazepine/ Tegretol
anticonvulsant
133
MOA of Carbamazepine/ Tegretol
Similar to phenytoin in the reduction of sodium and calcium currents across neuronal membranes.
134
ind. of Carbamazepine/ Tegretol
Prophylaxis against all types of seizures except absence seizures. Also used to treat chronic pain such as trigeminal neuralgia and post-herpetic neuralgia. Tegretol has also been used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder.
135
drug for neuropathic pain
Carbamazepine/ Tegretol
136
side effects of Carbamazepine/ Tegretol
Vertigo, nausea, vomiting. Possible bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia (follow blood counts).
137
Carbamazepine/ Tegretol should never be given to
Should never be given to patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors as combination potentially increases risk for all of Carbamazepine side effects as well as increased risk for hypertensive crisis.
138
class of Valproic acid/ Depakote
anticonvulsant
139
MOA of Valproic acid/ Depakote
Unknown, enhancement of GABA transmission has been postulated.
140
ind. of Valproic acid/ Depakote
All seizure types, particularly in absence seizures and combined seizure conditions. Also used to treat bipolar disorder and chronic pain syndromes.
141
side effects of Valproic acid/ Depakote
commonly include nausea, insomnia, anxiety. Potential for severe hepatotoxicity. Known to be an antagonist of folic acid. When taken by women who are pregnant, the incidence rates of serious, irreversible birth defects are 3 to 10 times higher than average.
142
class of Ethosuximide/ Zarontin
anticonvulsant
143
ind. of Ethosuximide/ Zarontin
absence seizures
144
MOA of Ethosuximide/ Zarontin
Unknown, possibly affects T-type calcium ion channels
145
side effects of Ethosuximide/ Zarontin
Headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, ataxia, blurred vision, confusion, skin rashes, insomnia, gingival hyperplasia, notable for possible hepatotoxicity and lupus-like syndrome.
146
Drug with side effects of gingival hyperplasia and lupus-like syndrome
Ethosuximide/ Zarontin
147
class of Gabapentin/ Neurontin
Anticonvulsant, atypical analgesic
148
MOA of Gabapentin/ Neurontin
Appears to potentiate GABA and also affects N-type calcium channels.
149
ind. of Gabapentin/ Neurontin
Adjunctive treatment of partial seizures. Also used in chronic pain syndromes such as post-herpetic neuralgia. Migraine headaches.
150
side effects of Gabapentin/ Neurontin
Somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, headache and other CNS side effects.
151
drug to treat chronic pain syndrome and post-herpetic neuralgia
Gabapentin/ Neurontin
152
class of Lamotrigine/ Lamictal
anticonvulsant
153
MOA of Lamotrigine/ Lamictal
Unknown. May stabilize neurons by decreasing sensitivity to the exicitatory effects of glutamate and aspartate.
154
ind. of Lamotrigine/ Lamictal
Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures, complex partial seizures and seizures resistant to other drug treatments.
155
side effects of Lamotrigine/ Lamictal
dizziness, headache, rashes, diplopia, somnolence and ataxia.
156
Drug that, in 2003, became the first drug approved by the FDA for treating type I bipolar disorder since lithium, a drug approved almost 30 years earlier.
Lamotrigine/ Lamictal
157
class of Levetiracetam/Keppra
anticonvulsant
158
MOA of Levetiracetam/Keppra
Unknown. May stabilize neurons by inhibition of calcium movement through presynaptic calcium channels.
159
ind. of Levetiracetam/Keppra
Tonic-clonic seizures, complex partial seizures and seizures resistant to other drug treatments.
160
side effects of Levetiracetam/Keppra
Levetiracetam is generally well tolerated but may cause drowsiness, weakness, unsteady gait, coordination problems, headache, mood changes, nervousness, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation and rare reports of possible changes in skin pigmentation.
161
treatment for partial (focal) seizures
Phenytoin/Dilantin, Phenobarbital/Phenobarb, Primidone/Mysoline
162
treatment for Grand mal (tonic clonic) seizures
Valproic acid/Depakote, Lamotrigine/Lamictal, Levetiracetam/Keppra, Topiramate/Topamax
163
treatment for absence (petit mal) seizures
Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
164
treatment for status epilepticus
Lorazepam (Ativan), Diazepam/Valium, Phenytoin/Dilantin, Ethosuximide/Zarontin...all typically IV route
165
The treatment of parkinson's disease relies mainly on
replacing dopamine with Levodopa (L-Dopa) or mimicking its action with dopamine agonists.
166
chief side effects of Levodopa
The chief side effects of L-dopa are nausea, vomiting and anorexia induced by the stimulation of dopamine receptors in the GI tract and the chemotrigger receptor zone (CTZ) in the brain.
167
Levodopa is usually combined with a
peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor such as Carbidopa or Benserazide in order to prevent Levodopa from being prematurely converted into dopamine in the adrenal glands or other peripheral tissues.
168
The most commonly used medications which contain Levodopa with a peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor
Levodopa with Carbidopa/ Sinemet
169
The most frequent side effects of dopaminergic drugs are
nausea, sleepiness, dizziness, involuntary writhing movements and visual hallucinations
170
treatment with L-Dopa or with dopamine agonists only proves effective for
average of approx. 5 years
171
Levodopa and all its formulations should never be used in conjunction with
MAO inhibitor because the combination can lead to a hypertensive crisis.
172
class of L-dopa with Carbidopa/ Sinemet
Dopamine precursor (L-dopa) with a peripheral dopamine decarboxylase inhibitor (Carbidopa).
173
ind. of L-dopa with Carbidopa/ Sinemet
Parkinson's
174
MOA of L-dopa with Carbidopa/ Sinemet
Increases dopamine levels in the brain, especially in the substantia nigra.
175
side effects of L-dopa with Carbidopa/ Sinemet
Prior to addition of Carbidopa, nausea was the most frequent side effect experienced by patients taking L-dopa. While nausea may still occur when Carbidopa is added to L-dopa, this side effect has been significantly reduced. Commonly reported side effects include hallucinations, nightmares, dyskinesias (uncontrolled movement) and serpentine like movement (chorea).
176
difference between Dopamine and pre-cursor L-dopa in terms of BBB
Dopamine cannot cross the blood barrier in significnant amounts, but the precursor, L-dopa can cross the blood brain barrier.
177
dopamine agonist drug
Bromocriptine/ Parlodel
178
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class of
Bromocriptine/ Parlodel
```
Dopamine agonist
179
ind. of
| Bromocriptine/ Parlodel
Parkinson’s disease. Also used in the treatment of prolactin secreting adenomas and acromegaly.
180
MOA of
| Bromocriptine/ Parlodel
Mimics dopamine in stimulation of dopamine receptor sites.
181
side effects of
| Bromocriptine/ Parlodel
The usefulness of Bromocriptine and all of the dopamine agonists is limited by the large number of potential side effects such as nausea, hypertension or hypotension, confusion, hallucinations, headache, depression, dyskinesia and possible seizures. Pulmonary fibrosis has been reported as an uncommon adverse effect when bromocriptine was used in extremely high doses.
182
which drug can be used in treatment of prolactin secreting adenoma (or growth hormone producing tumor)
Bromocriptine/ Parlodel
183
anticholinergic drug
Benztropine/ Cogentin
184
class of Benztropine/ Cogentin
anticholinergic
185
ind. of Benztropine/ Cogentin
Parkinson’s disease, especially when tremor or drooling are prominent symptoms. Appears to also help with cognitive symptoms due to Parkinson’s disease. In addition, used to diminish side effects of the antipsychotic drugs.
186
MOA of Benztropine/ Cogentin
Anticholinergic antagonist at muscarinic receptor sites.
187
side effects of Benztropine/ Cogentin
Dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, confusion, drowsiness, disorientation, memory impairment, visual hallucinations and possible exacerbation of pre-existing psychotic symptoms.
188
drug used to diminish side effects of the antipsychotic drugs
Benztropine/ Cogentin
189
```
class of
Amandatine/ Symmetrel
```
Anti-Parkinson’s and anti-viral agent
190
ind. of
| Amandatine/ Symmetrel
Parkinson’s disease and influenza A.
191
MOA
Unclear but probable NMDA receptor antagonism accounts for anti-Parkinson’s effects.
192
side effects of
| Amandatine/ Symmetrel
Light headedness, confusion, drowsiness, nightmares, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, nausea and vomiting.
193
what is an antiviral drug used for Parkinson's
Amandatine/ Symmetrel
194
how long do benefits of Amandatine/ Symmetrel last
about 6 months
195
order of efficacy of meds used to treat Parkinson's disease
L-dopa > Bromocriptine > Amantadine > anticholenergics
196
Anticholinergic medications have long been observed to commonly cause
memory impairment and confusion.
197
basis for the neurologic deficits associated with Alzheimer’s disease
The cholinergic hypothesis postulates that the destruction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and the resultant deficit in cholinergic transmission in the brain is the basis for the neurologic deficits associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
198
mechanism for dementia drugs
AChE inhibition is believed to result in the increased synaptic cleft concentrations of acetylcholine, thus providing the brain with enhanced cholinergic transmission.
This enhanced cholinergic transmission is felt to be responsible for the reduction of the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia placed on drugs of this class.
199
MOA of Donepezil/ Aricept
centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
200
The most commonly experienced side effects of Donepezil and the other agents in this class of drugs include
bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain and vivid dreams.
201
Drug that could potentially increase and improve the vocab and expressive language of autistic children
Donepezil/ Aricept
202
MOA of Rivastigmine/ Exelon
centrally acting, reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
203
drug for dementia that is available via a transdermal patch
Rivastigmine/ Exelon
204
antidote for acetylcholinesterase inhibiting drug overdose
atropine
205
MOA of Memantine/ Namenda
antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors
206
drug proven to work for moderate to severe dementia
none
