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Bio Final > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Diffusion

A

Random movement of molecules from high to low concentration

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2
Q

Cell Respiration Formula

A

Glucose + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + ATP

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3
Q

Electron Transport Chain and Krebs Cycle

A

1 ETP

Electrons travel through, donating energy, and are taken by O2 at the end of the chain to from H2O, a product of respiration

  1. Krebs Cycle

Conversion of Acetyl CoA into CO2 and NADH

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4
Q

Turgid

A

Plant Cells that have swollen due to osmosis into the cell

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5
Q

Enzymes

A

-ases. Do the “work”. Proteins. (polymers of amino acids)

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6
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solute and less free water than the inside of a cell Osmosis direction: Out

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7
Q

Allosteric inhibitors

A

Bind at a non-active or secondary site on an enzyme and changes the shape of the active site.

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8
Q

ADP –> ATP and NADH –> NAD+

A

5 ADP –> ATP

ATP synthase enzyme builds bonds to attach a phospate to ADP (di-phosphate), making it ATP (tri-phosphate)

8 NADH –> NAD+

NADH brings e- from the Krebs cycle to the ETP. When it deposits the e-‘s, it becomes NAD+ and returns to the Krebs for more e-

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9
Q

Table Salt

A

Sodium Chloride

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10
Q

Crenated

A

non-plant cells that have shriveled

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11
Q

What does the statement “small pebbles can cause big waves” mean in the context of biology?

A

This means that small changes in molecules or genetic sequence can have a huge impact on molecular function and life.

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12
Q

Acid

A

Low end of pH scale, more protons. Acid will LOWER the pH of water.

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13
Q

Factors than influence diffusion rate

A

Temperature - Higher temp = more molecule movement Size - larger molecules = slower movement Gradient - Higher concentration = more collision and movement

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14
Q

NADH vs NAD+

A

NADH “Charged” - Has electrons to take to the chain NAD+ : positive, has no electrons. Has already deposited

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15
Q

Photosynthesis Formula

A

CO2 + H2O + Sunlight = O2 + Glucose

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16
Q

Starch

A

Sugar

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17
Q

Intermembrane Space and Phospholipids

A

2 Intermembrane space

Space between mitochondrial cell wall and matrix. Proton gradient builds here.

11 Phospolipids

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18
Q

Lysed

A

Popped

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19
Q

ATP Synthase and Mitochondrial Matrix

A

3 ATP Synthase

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP. Powered by movement of protons through inner channel.

10 Matrix

Innermost site of mitochondria. Site of ADP –> ATP conversion and of O2 –> H20 conversion

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20
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a membrane

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21
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Theory that chloroplasts are derived from an engulfed bacterial cell. Evidence: Double membrane, separate DNA that resembles that of bacteria

22
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute and free water levels are equal both inside and outside of a cell.

23
Q

Why are plants green

A

Because their chloroplasts REFLECT green light waves.

24
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solute and more free water than the inside of a cell. Osmosis direction: In

25
Q

H+ and e-

A

6 H+

Protons. The protons cross the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space, building the gradient needed for diffusion of protons through the ATP synthase channels.

7 e-

THe e- travel through the ETP, donating energy and are bound with O2 and H+ at the end of the chain. The energy they provide allows the H+ to move across the membrane

26
Q

O2 –> H2O and Mitochondria

A

4 O2 –> H2O

Oxygen takes extra electrons after they have travelled through the chain and binds with extra H+ to create H2O and prevent the buildup of electrons, which would halt the chain and the production of ATP

9 Mitochondria

27
Q

What happens at the active site of an enzyme

A

The substrate binds

28
Q

DNA

A

made up of sugars, phosphates, and nucleic acids (NOT AMINO ACIDS)

29
Q

Plazmolyzed

A

Plant Cells that have shrunk due to osmosis out of the cell

30
Q

When water dissolves salt, which part of the water molecule will orient towards the positively charged Na+?

A

The Oxygen (O-)

31
Q

What is the main function of NADH?

A

To carry electrons to the Electron Transport Chain

32
Q

How do both photosynthesis and respiration produce ATP?

A

By creating a gradient of protons that spur the activity of ATP synthase

33
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Bonds in which atoms share pairs of electrons

34
Q

Trans Fats are A) A byproduct of the hydrogenation reaction B) An unsaturated fat C) A saturated fat D) Both A and B

A

D) Both A and B

35
Q

How do enzymes convert substrates into products?

A

An enzyme can convert a substrate into a product by breaking (or making) bonds between atoms or molecules. They can do this in different ways. Some have a specifically shaped receptor that physically weakens the bonds, others provide the ideal environment for chemical reactions necessary to break or form bonds.

36
Q

How do buffers neutralize pH?

A

They aborb Ions and therefore bring the pH closer to neutral (7)

37
Q

pH scale

A

0-6 Acids (concentration of H+)

7 neutral

8-14 Bases (Concentration of H-)

38
Q

Where does all of the carbon in your body ultimately come from?

A

CO2

39
Q

What is the problem with RUBISCO?

A

RUBISCO fixed oxygen rather than carbon in suboptimal environments

40
Q

Exocytosis vs Endocytosis

A

Exo = Out, diffusion out of the cell

Endo = in, diffusion into the cell

41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Mitochondria of plant cells, center of energy production

42
Q

Light dependent vs independent reactions

A

Light dependent - thylakoid membranes -light energy to chemichal energy (creates NADPH)

Light independent - Calvin cycle - uses NADPH to create carbohydrates

43
Q

Light Dependent Reactions

A

Photon excites e-; e- breaks free

H2O split to replace e-, H+ and O2 released

e- travels to ETP; accepted by photosystem 1

spurs creation of NADPH

44
Q

Light Independent Reactions

(aka Dark reactions, Calvin Cycle)

A

Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration

Fixation - RUBISCO converts CO2 + RuBp –> C6 + 2C3

Reduction - ATP and NADPH convert C3 to G3P

G3P gain e-, ATP and NADPH lose e-

Regeneration - Remaining G3P regenerate RuBp

45
Q

Photorespiration

A

Fixing of O2 instead of Carbon

46
Q

Ionic vs Covalent bonding

A

Ionic bonds - atom’s charge changes by accepting or donating, becomes attracted to atom of opposite charge.

Covalent bonds - Sharing of electrons

47
Q

Polar bonds / Hydrogen bonds

A

Atoms from temporary bonds with other atoms because of polarization

48
Q

Glycolysis

A

Occurs in cytoplasm

first step in breakdown of glucose

C6 –> 2C3 (pyruvate)

49
Q

Chemiosmosis/Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

NADH to ETP, H + buildup and diffusion through ATP Synthase

50
Q

Citric / Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA –> 2CO2 + NADH

51
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

C3 –> CO2 + Acetyl CoA

52
Q

Cell Respiration (Sequence of processes)

A

Glycolysis

Pyruvate Oxidation

Citric/Krebs

Chemiosmosis/Oxidative phosporylation

Bio Final (2 decks)

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