Test 2 Flashcards
First Egyptian-Ottoman War = Mahmud II; Muhammed Ali; Peace of Kutahaya
1831-33 - Egypt is part of the Ottoman Empire at this time. After the Battle of Navarino, the Sultan of Egypt wants control of Syria.
Mahmud II (1808-39) - Sultan of Ottomans
Muhammed Ali (1805-49) governor of Egypt, Pasha gets this position because of his rule against Napoleon.
In 1831, Ali begins the invasion of Syria and begins the war.
Peace of Kutahaya - Russia must take troops and leave. They must recognize Egypt control of Syria.
Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi
July 8, 1833 - Between Russians and Ottomans. If a foreign power invades one, the other would send troops, supplies, and money. The Ottomans will close the Dardanelles to everyone except for Russia.
Treaty of Munchengratz
Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
Deals specifically with the Ottoman Empire.
Will intervene in Ottoman Empire if the Sultan requests support if they are being attacked or threatened by an opposition force.
Convention of Berlin
Established Nicholas as the policing power of Europe.
2nd Egyptian-Ottoman War = Abdulmecid
1839-41 - Mahmud has died . Abdulmecid I is now Sultan. He is going in to Syria to try and reclaim it. GB, Austria, and Russia side w/ Ottomans while France and Spain side with Egypt. Ottomons are losing and Ali is moving towards Constantinople.
Treaty of London, 1840
GB, Austria, Russia, Turkey - says Egypt will return Syria to the Ottomans and Ali’s title will become hereditary. Ali rejects the treaty. English and Austria begin to fight Ali and eventually defeat him and he agrees to the treaty.
Straits Convention, 1841
England, Austria, Russia, Turkey, France - closes Bosphorus and Dardanelles to ALL foreign warships. None of the European powers will try to gain exclusive influence in the Ottoman Empire.
Battle of Sinope
November 30 1853 - Sinop, a sea port in northern Anatolia, when Imperial Russian warships struck and annihilated a patrol force of Ottoman ships anchored in the harbor. The battle was part of the Crimean War, and a contributory factor in bringing France and Britain into the conflict.
Battle of Alma
First battle of the Crimean War. British, French, and Ottomans vs. Russia. Russia loses this battle as well as 6000 troops.
British Lord Raglan
Commander of the British troops sent to Crimea. His primary objective was to defend Constantinople he was ordered to besiege the Russian Port of Sevastopol. After an early success at the Battle of Alma, a failure to deliver orders with sufficient clarity caused the fateful Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava.
Russian General Menshikov
He commanded the Russian army at Alma and Inkerman and showed incompetence and lack of military talent. On February 15, 1855, Menshikov was removed from command, and replaced by Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov.
Siege of Sebastopol
Lasted from Sept. 1854 to Sept 1855. Several battles took place during this time.
Battle of Balaclava
Part of the Siege of Sebastopol to capture the port and fortress of Sevastopol, Russia’s principal naval base on the Black Sea. Indecisive victory.
Battle of Inkerman
The battle broke the will of the Russian Army to defeat the allies in the field, and was followed by the Siege of Sevastopol. The role of troops fighting mostly on their own initiative due to the foggy conditions during the battle has earned the engagement the name “The Soldier’s Battle” Allied victory.
Treaty of Paris
March 30, 1856 - GB, France, Turks, Russia, Austria, Italy, Prussia. Terms: Neutralization of Black Sea, Straits are closed to military, Territories lose Russian protector status, No protectorship of Orthodox Christians, Danube returns to the Turks.
Alexander II
1818-1881 - Very different from his father. 37 when he takes over. He is not as militaristic, not as autocratic. Educated by famous poet, Vasily Zhukovsky. Wants abolish serfdom. “Czar Liberator”.
3 assassination attempts on his life, 3rd is successful.
“Era of Great Reforms”
- relax travel restrictions
- relax censorship
- relax education
Arguments FOR Emancipation
It’s the moral thing to do.
Economic - Russia can’t compete with other European nations because it wasn’t industrializing.
Crimean War - loss was proof that economy was failing.
Prevent serf rebellions and uprisings.
Main Committee
1858
9 members picked by Alexander
Put approval on what Editing Committee came up with.
State Council
Czar’s advisory body
They will approve legislation and then it will go to Alexander II.
Approves it March 3, 1861
Emancipation Manifesto
Is read to the public on March 15, 1861. Not ALL serfs are freed.
Privately held, domestic serfs are freed.
State peasants are not freed but will be in 1866.
Freed serfs can own land. Full citizenship rights, political participation. May own businesses and get married.
Problems with Emancipation
3 options to buy land (pay outright, redemption payment (payments over 49 years, or pauper’s allotment where they only received 1/4 of the land.
Zemstovo System
mir was responsible for what the landowner had to do and it created a head tax
Legal System, 1864
Most significant reform put into place side from serfdom being abolished. Separates from state council. Establishes a court system. Dmitiri Zamiatnin was appointed minister of Justice and was responsible for seeing the transition to the new system.
Dmitrii Zamiatnin
Minister of Justice under the new Legal System.
Military reforms, 1874
Any Russian man can be drafted
6 years of service. Basic primary education.
Dmitrii Milutin
Minister of War under new Military Reforms
