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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Alexander II

A

Emancipated the serfs. Reorganized the judicial system. Was assassinated by revolutionaries using bombs. o Nikolai Rysakov – throws first bomb right underneath the horses. Does not injure Alexander. Alexander exits the carriage. 2nd guy throws bomb at his feet. Ignacy Hryniewiecki – throws bomb at Alexander’s feet.

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2
Q

January Uprising, 1863

A

o Poland
o Nationalists – Complete independence from Russia
 Peasantry, younger, not military (Poland not allowed to have Army)
o In 1862, little sporadic uprisings by Nationalists. Alexander will conscript these people to the Russian military.
o Forced conscription into Russian army set off January Uprising.
o Poland lost in 1864
o Alexander will increase Russification (no more Polish culture. Illegal to teach Polish language, confiscation of church property, culture, conversion from Catholic), remove Polish autonomy, Poland divided into military districts. Over 70,000 people punished. 10% tax to pay Russia for uprising. Abolishes serfdom in Poland which leads to landowners losing half of their land. Serfs get better land than they did in Russia.

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3
Q

Ishutin Society

A

created by Nikolai Ishutin
University student
Create a more equal society - must get rid of Alexander

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4
Q

Dmitrei Karakozov

A

April 5, 1866 - attempts to shoot Alexander

Hung on Stepmber 1866

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5
Q

New Radicalism 1860s-70s

A

Intelligentsia - college educated, writers, journalists, professors. Opposed autocracy. Influenced by westernization. Karl Marx - Das Kapital and Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species. Rejected orthodoxy
Nihlists

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6
Q

Intelligentsia

A

social equality, political and economic equality.

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7
Q

Slavophiles

A

traditional, more conservative. reactionary. gentry. inspired by the bible.

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8
Q

“Go to the people”

A

1873-74 - attempt by intelligentsia to go to rural areas and educate the peasantry. can’t help those that don’t want help. some distrusted and disagreed. they turned them to local authorities.

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9
Q

Land and Freedom

A

Established in 1876 and disbanded in 1879. People’s Will and Black Repartition

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10
Q

Will of the People

A

People’s Will - Nardonaya Voila - Terrorists organization, kill people, assassinate various administrators. Try to assassinate Alexander in 1879.

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11
Q

Black Repartition

A

No autocracy > reform

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12
Q

Michael Loris-Melikov

A

reproachment, establishment of harmonious relations. established a good relationship with the people.

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13
Q

Consequences of Alexander II’s assassination

A

Replaced by Alexander III, vetoes join civil commission. Violent attacks on Jews. Social and political turmoil.

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14
Q

Manifesto of 1881

A

Manifest of Unshakeable Autocracy - Suppress any semblance of public opinion or popular sovereignty. Will do so with support of the church

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15
Q

Dmitri Tolstoy

A

Minister of the Interior. Deals with peasantry and gentry. Was also Chief of Gendarme.

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16
Q

Alexander III

A

conservative - “the peacemaker”

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17
Q

Ivan Delianov

A

Minister of Education

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18
Q

Konstantine Podebonostev

A

Ober protector of the Holy Synod

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19
Q

“Temporary Regulations”

A

Only supposed to last 3 years. Renewed every 3 years until 1906ish. Suspend open courts in any case of revolutionary activity.
Can get arrested, tried on the spot, hand picked judge.
Aimed at People’s Will

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20
Q

Counter Reforms

A

Censorship of press

University education

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21
Q

University Statute of 1884

A

Repeals any autonomy that a university had.
Tolstoy can hire and fire staff however he sees fit.
Can establish curriculum
No women
No student organizations
Raised tuition to prevent peasantry from attending.

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22
Q

Gentry Power

A

1885 - State Gentry Land Bank is created to prevent the gentry from going bankrupt.

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23
Q

Peasant Restrictions

A

zemstvo - land captains. Must be a land owner from gentry class. Handpicked by Minister of Interior.
Two responsibilities - justice of peace and certifies elections.

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24
Q

Militant Orthodoxy

A

No other religion in conversation.
No advertising other religions
Want to establish a single unified people that legitimize Alexander III. Russification of Jews.

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25
Q

Pogroms

A

Wreak havoc on Jewish communities.

To solve Jewish problem, 1/3 must convert, 1/3 must leave, 1/3 must die.

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26
Q

Character of Nichols II

A

Weak and narrow minded. Out of touch with reality. Becomes a puppet to his wife.

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27
Q

Governor-General Nicholas Bobrikov

A

Appointed governor-general of Finland for Russification purposes. Creates a draft of Finns into Russian army. No local assembly or meetings. No officials of Finnish descent. Finland will participate in Revolution of 1905

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28
Q

Social/Economic Changes in late 19th century

A

Growth of Opposition
Union of Liberation
Constitutional Democratic Party

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29
Q

Paul Miliukov

A

He was the founder, leader, and the most prominent member of the Constitutional Democratic party (known as the Kadets)

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30
Q

Bourgeoise

A

Middle class

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31
Q

Proletariat

A

Working class

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32
Q

Union of Liberation

A

Not an established political party but an institution. Organized with elite and high class and middle class.

33
Q

Constitutional Democratic Party

A

Favor constitutional monarch. Favor land reform and universal suffrage. Founded by Paul Miliukov

34
Q

Social Democrats

A

Founded by George Plekhanov (1898). Want to get rid of czar and have a republic.

35
Q

George Plekhanov

A

considered the first socialist.
Founder of Black Repartition
Does not live in Russia for 37 years.

36
Q

Bolsheviks

A

Means majority.

37
Q

Vladimir Lenin

A

Leader of Bolsheviks. Parents were educators. Brother was executed for trying to assassinate Alexander III

38
Q

Mensheviks

A

Means minority

39
Q

Julius Martov

A

Leader of Mensheviks

40
Q

Socialists Revolutionaries

A

Battle organization. Building block of society.

41
Q

Viktor Chernov

A

Leader of Socialists Revolutionaries. All about assassination.

42
Q

George Gapon

A

a Russian Orthodox priest and a popular working class leader before the Russian Revolution of 1905. Led people to Winter Palace on Bloody Sunday

43
Q

“Bloody Sunday”

A

January 22, 1905 - March to Winter Palace with grievances. Led by George Gapon. 100s killed, 1000s wounded.

44
Q

Nicholas’s Response to Bloody Sunday

A

“consultative assembly” - in one ear and out the other.

religious “freedom”, toleration, life legislation on ethnic minority.

45
Q

Battleship Potemkin

A

It became famous when the crew rebelled against the officers in June 1905 (during that year’s revolution), now viewed as a first step towards the Russian Revolution of 1917.

46
Q

St. Petersburg Soviet

A

council of workers, Leon Trotsky was the leader.

47
Q

October Manifesto

A

Given by Czar. Grants civil liberties to Russian population. Freedom of press and religion.
Creates DUMA - legislative powers, constitutional monarchy.

48
Q

Black Hundreds

A

In support of Nicholas. Terrorist and violent organization.

49
Q

Fundamental Laws

A

May 6, 1906 - a single person writes them based on previous ones written by Speransky.

50
Q

Duma

A

Czar can call the duma, disband it, and veto anything he doesn’t lile.

51
Q

Vyborg Manifesto

A

200 members go, 100 are kadets. Call for peaceful resistance. Don’t pay taxes. Don’t participate in draft. Imprisoned for 3 months.

52
Q

Electoral Law of 1907

A

Changes representation

53
Q

Peter Stolypin

A

Prime Minister from 1906-1911. Pacification.

54
Q

Stolypin’s reforms

A

Land reform
Passification.
Makes him popular among peasants. Wants to dissolve mir and make them all small landowners. Killed in 1911.

55
Q

Passification

A

“Stolypin’s necktie” Arresting opposition and hanging.

3000 hanged during his time.

56
Q

Rasputin

A

Told Nicholas not to get involved in World War I, but Nicholas didn’t listen.

57
Q

February Revolution

A

March 8. Riots begin in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). Workers, peasants, poor people. March 10 - troops sent to put it down. They join the riots instead.
March 11 - Nicholas orders the DUMA to dissolve it. They refuse and create a provisional government. March 15 - Nicholas abdicates to his son then to his brother. March 16 - Michael says he will recognize provisional government if people want it. They don’t elect him.

58
Q

Michael Romanov

A

Nicholas’s brother. Only will accept the position if the people elect him and they do not. Instead he is killed.

59
Q

Provisional Gov’t

A

Prime Minister George Lvov in charge.
Majority of gov’t are kadets. Trying to address WWI, economic chaos, and no land legislation.
Failures are mood of the people, Soviets, limited authority and military loyalty. Also temporary.

60
Q

George Lvov

A

Prime Minister under Provisional Gov’t.

61
Q

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies

A

Created March 12, a day after the DUMA is dissolved. Dominated by Social Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks.

62
Q

Order No. 1

A

March 14 - Military should have representation on prov. gov’t wipe out any “royal control” over military.

63
Q

All Russian Congress of Soviets

A

June 3-24 - Over 1000 reps at the Congress. Decide to work with prov. gov’t and not overthrow it.

64
Q

April Theses

A

April 16 - written by Lenin. Says gov’t is bourgeoise, soviet is proletariat and the two cannot coexist. Must overthrow the prov. gov’t.

65
Q

July Days

A

July 16-20 - Street demonstrations - attempt to overthrow provisional gov’t. Bolsheviks are outnumbered and have no lenders. Prov gov’t open fire with machine guns. 700 killed, 1000s wounded. Lenin flees to Finland. Bolsheviks decline in numbers. Alexander Keransky becomes Prime Minister.

66
Q

Alexander Keransky

A

Becomes Prime Minister after July Days.

67
Q

General Kornilov

A

Becomes Supreme Commander of Russian Army.

68
Q

Kornilov Affair

A

Sept 6-14

Miltary coup of the Petrograd Soviet. He says Keransky orders him to do it but Keransky denies it. Has him arrested.

69
Q

October Revolution

A

November 5 - Lenin returns from Finland and takes control of Petrograd Soviet (Red Army)
Invades Winter Palace and Keransky flees. Prov. Gov’t falls.

70
Q

Russian Soviet Federated Socialists Republic

A

New name for Russia.

71
Q

Council of People’s Commissars

A

governing council of Russia. Lenin is in charge.

72
Q

CHEKA

A

Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counterrevolution. Sabotoage, and Speculation. Load of crap. Romanovs are executed.

73
Q

July 16 Romanovs are executed

A

.

74
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

Ends Russia’s involvement in WWI

75
Q

ESSAY: Explain the development and ideology of the New Radicalism of the 1860s and 70s and the conservative reaction. How did this movement manifest itself in the populist movement of the 1870s and how did Alexander II respond?

A

The New Radicalism movement that opposed the tsar and autocracy. It was influenced by Westernization, specifically the books Das Kapital by Karl Marx and Origin of Species by Charles Darwin.
They were atheists that rejected orthodoxy and were primarily an younger generation. Most were university educated and were nihilists. They were part of the intelligentsia who wanted social equality and political and economic equality. They based their arguments on science and nature. They went to rural areas in an attempt to educate the peasantry. However this didn’t work as the people didn’t trust them and turned them into local authorities. They then turned their attention to the government in attempt to get them to trust them. As a result, the People’s Will was formed and they wanted to kill Alexander II. Alexander’s response was reproachment and to establish a harmonious relation with them. He is not willing to get rid of his autocratic control however. Melikov is granted a position to take care of militant groups. Alexander signs off on a reform to pacify the people on the same day he is assassinated.

76
Q

ESSAY: Compare and contrast Alexander III and Nicholas II. How were they similar and different in character, policy, ideas about Russia, and the key figures in their administrations?

A

Alexander III took over when Alexander II was killed. He immediately reveresed several of Alexander II’s civil commission reforms. He also began violent attacks on the Jews. There was political and social turmoil. Alexander is convservative. He puts an emphasis on industrialization. He creates the Manifesto of 1881 that will suppress any pulbic opinion. He does this with the support of the church. He replaces ministers that his father put in place and replaces them with more conservative reactionaries. He puts in temporary regulations in an attempt to bring law and order to Russia.
Nicholas is considered weak and narrow minded and out of touch with reality. He becomes a puppet to his wife. He restricts education, is for orthodoxy, and puts severe restrictions on the press. He takes everything his father did and makes it worse. He tries to Russify Finland. He creates the Hague Conference in an attempt to disarm the world and make it a peaceful world.

77
Q

ESSAY: Describe the ideological origins, specific causes, events, and results of the Revolution of 1905.

A

There is turmoil in Russia. There is famine, lack of crops, disease, economic recession, peasant uprisings, and the war with Japan. On January 22, 1905, citizens march to Winter Palace with grievances. This would be known as Bloody Sunday. It’s led by George Gapon. 100 people are killed and 1000s more injured. Nicholas’s response is to create a consultative assembly which does no good. He wants religious “freedom” and toleration. He agrees to life legislation on the ethnic minority. This also leads to the creation of the DUMA. T

78
Q

ESSAY: Describe the causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its aftermath. Be sure to include the Provisional Government and the October Revolution.

A

Rasputin told Nicholas to not get involved with WW I but he did anyway and sent 4 million people to the war. Riots begin in Petrograd in February. Troops are sent to put it down and they join the riots instead. Nicholas orders the DUMA to dissolve but they do not. Instead they form a provisional government. This leads Nicholas to abdicate and he puts his brother Michael in charge as tsar. Michael only will accept the position if he is elected, which he is not. He is killed. The provisional government is now in charge under Prime Minister George Lvov. Lenin issues his April Theses in which he says the Provisional Government must go. During the July Days, they attempt to over throw the Prov. Gov’t. The Prov. Gov’t open fire and kill 700 and wound 1000s more. Lenin flees to Finland. Keransky becomes PM. Keransky declares Russia is a republic and this puts fuel on the Bolshevik fire. Lenin returns and takes control of the Red Army. They invade Winter Palace and Kerensky flees. The Prov. Gov’t falls. The Romanovs are executed on July 16, 1918.

History of Russia (3 decks)

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