Test 2

Question 1

What are the 3 things required of a cognitive interview?

Answer 1

1. Interviewees must mentally reconstruct event
2. They must report everything
3. They must recount the event in a variety of orders and variety of perspectives.

Question 2

When interviewers follow the child’s lead, the interview is ________.

Answer 2

unstructured.

Question 3

When the interviewers use the exact wording of questions that are scripted, it is known as _____.

Answer 3

Highly structured.

Question 4

In between unstructured and highly structured interviews are ________ formats, where interviewers follow questioning guidelines and cover predetermined topics, selecting from a tool kit of strategies.

Answer 4

semistructured

Question 5

______ protocols help prevent defective interviewing, and standardization increases adherence to evidence-based practices.

Answer 5

Structured

Question 6

_______ approaches afford more flexibility but also more room for error.

Answer 6

Semistructured

Question 7

Studies suggest that in the forensic context, totally _________ interviews are ill advised. This is because even when interviewers are well trained, it is difficult for them to abide by best practice recommendations without following a structured or semistructured format.

Answer 7

unstructured

Question 8

Most protocols use a ________ approach.

Answer 8

phased

Question 9

What are the 3 steps of a phased approach?

Answer 9

1) initial preparatory phase
2) Info gathering
3) closure

Question 10

Introductions, rapport development, promise to tell the truth, narrative practice, and instructions are all part of the _______.

Answer 10

initial preparatory phase

Question 11

An invitation for free recall “what happened?” followed by more focused questions to gather details is part of the __________.

Answer 11

information gathering phase.

Question 12

Recomposure is the child is upset and giving time for the child to ask questions is part of the _________.

Answer 12

closure phase.

Question 13

What should the interview setting look like?

Answer 13

Most guidelines recommend an age-appropriate, private, child-friendly setting with minimal distraction.

Question 14

_______ interviews are recommended to eliminate the possibility of contamination from parents or others who may have vested interest in the outcome.

Answer 14

Private

Question 15

It should not be assumed that a parent’s presence will _________ stress.

Answer 15

decrease

Question 16

Interviewers will want to consider taking precautions when they decide ______ persons are necessary during the interview.

Answer 16

support

Question 17

Many protocols recommend asking the adult to leave once the child is ______ but before ________________ begins.

Answer 17

Many protocols recommend asking the adult to leave once the child is COMFORTABLE, but before SUNSTANTIVE QUESTIONING begins.

Question 18

List 3 things that are important for interview demeanor.

Answer 18

1. eye contact
2. relaxed body posture
3. smiling and warm intonation

Question 19

The correct interview demeanor can help children be more resistant to ________ questions and to improve interview performance without contaminating their accounts of _______ events.

Answer 19

The correct interview demeanor can help children to be more resistant to MISLEADING questions and to improve interview performance without contaminating their accounts of nonabusive events.

Question 20

It is critical that supportiveness not become ________ of responses that fit the interviewer’s priori beliefs.

Answer 20

selective reinforcement

Question 21

__________ has been linked with distortions of children’s accounts, underscoring the need for objectivity and neutrality.

Answer 21

Interviewer bias

Question 22

True of False
In experimental studies, when interviewers are provided with biasing information about false events prior to the interview, and are allowed to script their own questions, they tend to ask repeated yes/no questions about the suggested events, increasing error.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

If interviewer bias is combined with selective reinforcement of desired responses, these questions can dramatically increase ________.

Answer 23

young children’s errors.

Question 24

Interviewers should strive to remain ______ and ________ regarding the veracity of the allegations.

Answer 24

objective and neutral

Question 25

Interviewers should explore alternative _________ and keep _______ in check.

Answer 25

Interviewers should explore alternative HYPOTHESIS and keep BIASES in check

Question 26

What causes a child’s reluctance to share information?

Answer 26

• they may not be comfortable disclosing information to a stranger
• they may be embarrassed
• they may have been threatened or seduced into not telling
• They may feel guilty about getting the adult in trouble

Question 27

With reluctant children, interviewers strive to find a middle ground between ________ and _______ questions and invitations to speak. Finding the right balance takes skill, training, and experience.

Answer 27

suggestive and completely non suggestive

Question 28

What produces a false report?

Answer 28

When interviewer is coercive, and the child feels like they need to say what the interviewer wants to hear.

Question 29

What 4 things are required to conduct an effective interview?

Answer 29

1. Phrase questions in a way a child can understand
2. Avoid concepts that are too difficult for them to understand
3. Offer instructions that improve a child’s performance
4. Elicit additional details without leading questions

Question 30

What are two concepts that are too difficult for many children to understand?

Answer 30

numbers and time

Question 31

Why are anatomically correct dolls problematic in interviewing? What is suggested instead?

Answer 31

Anatomically correct dolls can be problematic and risky for young children. Research has found that encouraging children to provide verbal descriptions of abuse was superior to pointing to body parts on a drawing.

Question 32

What are some instructions to improve children’s performance.

Answer 32

• Giving permission to say “I don’t know” or “I don’t understand.”
• Warning children about misleading questions. (tell them to correct you if you make a mistake)
• telling children you don’t know what happened and cannot help them answer questions.
• eliciting a promise to tell the truth.

Question 33

“What happened?” is an example of a ________ question.

Answer 33

free recall

Question 34

As Wh questions become more specific, two dangers increase. These are:

Answer 34

1) the interviewer’s beliefs about the event will affect the child’s report. (assumes the perp was wearing shoes when she asked what color were his shoes)
2) a child who is inclined to guess will come up with a plausible response.

Question 35

What WH question should you never ask?

Answer 35

why

Question 36

Instead of “Did he hit you?” you should ask ______.

Answer 36

“What did he do with his hands?”

Question 37

Instead of “were your clothes on or off?” you should ask_____/

Answer 37

Where were your clothes?

Question 38

When trying to get a child to explain or elaborate on their answer, you could ask questions such as….________.

Answer 38

Tell me more about …
What makes you think so?
What happened next?

Question 39

Wh questions explore 5 basic characteristics of incidents. They are:

Answer 39

1. participants (who was there?, what did the person look like?)
2. location ( where were you? what did the place look like?)
3. specific actions (what did the person do?)
4. conversations (what did the person say to you or tell you?)
   5 emotional states of participants (how did you feel when..? what did the person do or say to make you think he was___?)

Question 40

To prompt children to justify their answers you could ask.. __

Answer 40

“what makes you think so?”

“what made him do that?”

Question 41

Wh questions help to avoid the dangers of _____.

Answer 41

suggestibility

Question 42

The simplest sort of recognition question is a ______ question.

Answer 42

yes/no

Question 43

Yes/no questions are not highly leading but can be problematic if_______.

Answer 43

a child has a response-bias ( a tendency to answer questions yes or no) or is reluctant to answer.

Question 44

There is good evidence that young children are reluctant to answer _________ with yes/no questions.

Answer 44

“i don’t know”

Question 45

Children’s responses to yes/no questions are _____ accurate than their responses to open-ended questions.

Answer 45

less

Question 46

“did he tell you to keep a secret?” “didn’t he tell you to keep a secret?” are examples of _______ questions.

Answer 46

negative term questions.

Question 47

“He told you to keep a secret, didn’t he?” is an example of a ________ question.

Answer 47

tag question

Question 48

A ___________ questions is a question in which the interviewer gives the child a series of choices from which the child chooses the “correct” response.

Answer 48

forced-choice

Question 49

When eliciting additional details, you must pay attention to the phrasing of the question, and also ________.

Answer 49

avoid complex grammar, sophisticated vocabulary, and difficult concepts.

Question 50

Questions that allow children to describe event details in their own words, such as Wh questions about observable information that require multi-word responses followed by open-ended prompts to explore basic event categories, are preferable to __________.

Answer 50

questions that elicit one-word answers such as yes/no, tag, negative insertion, and multiple choice questions.