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Pediatric Nursing > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is esophageal fistula?

A

when a baby is born with a tapered esophagus (the esophagus and stomach DO meet, but the tapering makes it difficult for foot to pass through to the stomach).

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2
Q

What are the first signs of esophageal atresia?

A

there will be lots of secretions (need suctioning), respirations are increased due to respiratory distress caused by secretions, decreased oxygen sat, cyanosis. THESE BABIES GO STRAIGHT TO THE NICU.

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3
Q

What must be noted in post-op esophageal atresia babies before feeding is initiated?

A

bowel sounds (they’re receiving parenteral nutrition)

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4
Q

Should a baby post-op esophageal atresia be given a pacifier?

A

YES the sucking action they will do with a pacifier will introduce them and get them used to feeding before feeding is initiated

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5
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter in the stomach (very hard for stomach contents to leave the stomach)

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6
Q

What is a tell-tale sign of pyloric stenosis?

A

PROJECTILE VOMITING. vomit in these pts will go across the room bc the stomach contents have nowhere to go

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7
Q

Does pyloric stenosis involve pain?

A

no

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8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

A

PROJECTILE VOMITING, olive-shaped palatable mass in the epigastric area, decreased weight, dehydration, sunken fontanelles (they’re not getting anything they ingest because it’s all coming back up)

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9
Q

What is intussusception?

A

a telescoping of the intestines

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10
Q

What are s/s of intussusception?

A

jelly-like stool, inconsolable crying (PAIN), late: lethargy, weak/thready pulse, s/s of shock (that area of the intestine will start to die due to ischemia)

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11
Q

How is intussusception treated?

A

typically, blowing air into the intestine specific to the affected area will cause it to come undone, but if not, surgery is necessary.

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12
Q

What are the causes of intussusception?

A

it can be caused by a virus (they had a stomach virus recently and we’re having diarrhea), intestinal trauma

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13
Q

What is Celiac disease?

A

a disease in which a person is unable to process/digest gluten

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14
Q

What is the recommended diet for people with celiac disease?

A

gluten free!

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15
Q

Hircshsprungs disease…What is it?

A

a congenital disease in which the motility of the intestines is incredibly slowed due to the absence of cells that assist with peristalsis

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16
Q

What are the s/s of Hirschsprung’s disease?

A

meconium stool will not pass within the expected time frame in babies, difficulty feeding, abdominal distention(everything is backed up), bile-stained emesis (they cannot get it out other than throwing it up)

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17
Q

What do nurses do for babies with Hirschsprung’s?

A

enhance nutritional intake, monitor s/s of dehydration/fluid and electrolyte imbalances, monitor the stools and quantity, administer enemas to aid in peristalsis, monitor abdominal girths, comfort, do not do anything to irritate the area if it can be avoided: NO RECTAL TEMPS. post-op we will monitor for the return of bowel sounds

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18
Q

What are post-op cleft lip actions are our responsibility?

A

monitor eating/breathing, maintain an open airway, avoid the prone position (laying on their belly while healing), prevent pressure to suture lines, put no-no’s on if needed, clean/monitor sutures

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19
Q

What should we do in post-op care for cleft palate?

A

they should lay on their side, pain management, suction when needed, provide a cup for feeding (they must be able to drink from a cup before palate operation), no-no’s, comforting

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20
Q

What is acute glomerulonephritis?

A

sudden inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney often caused by an antigen (bacterial or viral), untreated strep can cause this

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21
Q

What are s/s of active glomerulonephritis?

A

facial edema, decreased urination, hematuria (blood in urine), coughing (increase of fluid in lungs), flank pain, increased blood pressure

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22
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

an autoimmune process causing massive amounts of protein to be present in the urine, low albumin levels, and hyperlipidemia. this syndrome is secondary to another disorder unlike acute glomerulonephritis.

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23
Q

What are the s/s of nephrotic syndrome?

A

swelling specifically around the eyes, ankles, and feet, foamy/frothy urine (protein in the urine), increased weight

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24
Q

What is an ASO titer?

A

a blood test that is used to measure antibodies against streptolysin O (a substance produced by group A strep bacteria which is often the cause of strep throat…will show if the child has encountered group A strep and thus whether or not it could be a cause of acute glomerulonephritis)

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25
Q

What kind of diet should a baby with nephrotic syndrome be on?

A

low sodium (do not want them to retain anymore fluid)

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26
Q

What is a UTI?

A

an infection of the urinary tract, often of the lower urinary tract (cystitis/urethritis). the child will experience pain with urination, abd/flank pain, decreased urination

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27
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

an upper urinary tract infection/kidney infection, most S/S are the same of those noted with a UTI, flank pain

28
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

when a section of the soft tissue bulges through a week point in the lower abdominal muscles, a HCP should be contacted if the hernia is growing/becomes painful

29
Q

What is enuresis?

A

involuntary voiding or more commonly called ‘bed-wetting’, more common in boys and in ages 3-6. most of the time it resolves on its on if not caused by something other than organic causes, can be treated by bed alarm, motivational systems, treating the cause, etc.

30
Q

What are some organic causes of enuresis?

A

not getting enough sleep, drinking too much before bed, heavy sleeper, etc

31
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

when the intraoccqular pressure is increased in the eye causing damage to the optic nerve

32
Q

what are the S/S of glaucoma in peds?

A

epiphora (excessive tearing), light sensitivity, pain in the eye, large/cloudy cornea (causes the iris to appear dull)

33
Q

What are cataracts and how are they treated in peds?

A

they are cloudy/opaque spots on the lens of the eye (light does not pass through causing spots in vision). if the cataracts are congenital, they only have 8 weeks to repair before permanent damage is present.

34
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

infection of the conjunctiva, often referred to as ‘pink eye’. treated with eye drops (can be viral or bacterial and eye drops are specific to type), family education! (throw away eye makeup, etc.)

35
Q

What is hyphema?

A

blood in the chamber of the eye caused by eye trauma (hit in the eye with a baseball, etc)

36
Q

What are S/S of dehydration?

A

sunken fontanelles, decreased weight, decreased blood pressure, weak/thready peripheral pulses, skin tenting, dry mucous membranes

37
Q

What are the degrees of dehydration?

A

mild 9% of weight lost

38
Q

Why aren’t degrees of dehydration always accurate?

A

often, the parents of the child do not know the exact previous weight of the child

39
Q

What is mottled skin?

A

lacy looking, red splotchy areas/body often seen as a sign of dehydration

40
Q

What are the three types of dehydration?

A

isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

41
Q

What type of dehydration is most common?

A

hypotonic

42
Q

Why should their ability to eliminate urine be assessed before given fluids?

A

most IV fluid boluses contain potassium which we get rid of through urination (if they cannot eliminate the K, they could become hyperkalemic)

43
Q

What are some causes of alkalosis in children?

A

(alkalosis=Ph is basic) vomiting, suctioning (stomach acid is being eliminated) hyperventilation (pain, asthma)

44
Q

What are some causes of acidosis in children?

A

(acidosis= Ph is acidic) diarrhea (eliminating bicarb), hypoventilation (brain trauma, etc). ASSidosis!

45
Q

What are the normal lab values for sodium in children?

A

135-145

46
Q

What are the normal levels of K in children?

A

3-6

47
Q

Normal levels of bicarb in children?

A

22-26

48
Q

Normal levels of Co2 in children?

A

35-45

49
Q

Normal Ph levels in children?

A

7.35-7.45

50
Q

What percentage of childrens’ body is made of water?

A

70-75%

51
Q

Why are children more quick to dehydrate than adults?

A

smaller surface area, bigger body percentage of water, rate of basal metabolism is much fast, kidneys are not mature enough to compensate, the bulk of their fluid is extracellular (can be depleted faster)

52
Q

What is gastrointeritis?

A

inflammation of mucous membranes in the stomach and intestines (what we refer to as a stomach virus) that can be caused by bacteria or a virus. Most are self resolving, treat by rehydration and education

53
Q

What is edema?

A

an accumulation of interstitial fluid caused by fluid exchange between capillaries and interstitial spaces (spaces within the tissues) RAPID DEHYDRATION!

54
Q

What are S/S of edema in children?

A

increased blood pressure, weight increase, bounding pulse in affected area, vein distention, difficulty breathing. We want to monitor weights, strict I/O’s, frequent turning if pt is lethargic, monitor vitals, elevate the head of the bed (avoid puddling in chest)

55
Q

What is nasopharyngitis?

A

swelling of the soft tissue (almost always caused by a virus), treated with antivirals and supportive treatment (the common cold)

56
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

an allergen irritating the soft tissue of the sinuses causing cold like symptoms, can be seasonal, education (avoiding allergen if possible) and supportive treatment

57
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

infection of the tonsils (kissing tonsils), generally viral, but could be strep. treatment depends on cause (antibiotics if bacterial)

58
Q

What are things to avoid doing post tonsillectomy?

A

blowing nose, crying, drinking from straw, coughing, drinking red drinks or eating red foods

59
Q

What could frequent swallowing post tonsillectomy mean?

A

most likely bleeding!

60
Q

What is acute epiglotitis?

A

a life threatening infection of the epiglottis caused by bacteria. can block airway! NPO and nothing that will irritate the throat (tongue blades, oral temps, etc)

61
Q

What is important to have at the bedside for a patient with acute epiglotitis?

A

an emergency trach!

62
Q

What are S/S of acute epiglotitis?

A

respiratory distress, fever, sore throat, dysphasia (inability to swallow), drooling, agitation, lethargy

63
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

an autosomal recessive disorder affecting the exocrine glands (increases all secretions) and increases levels of sodium chloride. diagnosed with a sweat chloride test (my baby’s cheek tastes salty when I kiss her)

64
Q

What are some ways children with CF treated?

A

enzymes with every meal, big “good” diet, chest percussion, encouraged to do activities that make them jump, run, skip, etc, hospitalization once or twice a year for antibiotic therapy (more susceptible to infection bc bacteria just sits in secretions)

65
Q

What is esophageal atresia?

A

when a baby is born with an incomplete esophagus (the esophagus and stomach DO NOT MEET)

Pediatric Nursing (2 decks)

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