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Biology 101 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the states of energy?

A

Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

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2
Q

What is energy?

A

Ability to do work - i.e. rearranging molecules, reproducing, traffic, etc.

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3
Q

Food is an example of what kind of energy?

A

Potential Energy

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4
Q

Muscles contracting is an example of what kind of energy?

A

Kinetic Energy

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5
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed - amount of energy in the universe is constant

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6
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

When energy is converted from one form to another then it is not 100% efficient.

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7
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living body

A

Metabolism

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8
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Chemical reactions which store energy from an input of energy from another system

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9
Q

Photosynthesis is an example of what time of chemical reaction?

A

Endergonic Reaction - takes sun’s light and stores it in the form of chemical energy

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10
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Chemical reactions that release energy and with these reactions, the products have less energy than the reactants.

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11
Q

Cellular respiration is an example of what kind of chemical reaction?

A

Exergonic Reaction - chemical break down of sugars resulting in energy release.

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12
Q

A distinct set of events (chemical reactions) which ultimately result in the removal of waste materials or the storage of energy.

A

Metabolic Pathway

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13
Q

DNA replication is an example of what kind of chemical reaction?

A

Metabolic Pathway

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14
Q

Electrons can carry energy and can be moved from one atom/molecule to another atom/molecule. What is this reaction called?

A

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction or “Redox”

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15
Q

Loss of electrons from a molecule or atom

A

Oxidation

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16
Q

Oxidation is an example of what type of reaction?

A

Exergonic reaction

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17
Q

The gain of an electron

A

Reduction

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18
Q

Reduction is what type of chemical reaction?

A

Endergonic reaction

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19
Q

The currency of a cell?

A

ATP

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20
Q

What molecule is used by cells to temporarily store energy and release energy for cellular functions?

A

ATP

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21
Q

What organelle produces ATP?

A

Mitochondria

22
Q

When is energy transferred?

A

When a phosphate is released from an ATP molecule

23
Q

Transferring of a phosphate from one molecule (ATP) to another

A

Phosphorylation

24
Q

The transferring of a phosphate from one molecule of ATP to another induces what 2 molecular conditions?

A

1) May result in a new shape of the target molecule

2) May increase the likelihood of the molecule boding with another atom/molecule

25
Q

Humans typically go through how many ATP molecules a minute?

A

2 billion

26
Q

Organic molecules that increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur

A

Enzymes

27
Q

How do enzymes lower the activation energy?

A

1) Put substrates (reactants) together
2) Orient substrates to proper position
3) Move water out of the way
4) Change shape of molecules so they will fit

28
Q

Amount of energy necessary to initiate chemical reaction

A

Activation Energy

29
Q

Portion of protein where the molecules fit in the enzymes

A

Active Site

30
Q

When an enzyme active site accepts the substrate what does this create?

A

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

31
Q

Substances that must be present for an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction?

A

Cofactors

32
Q

What happens to cofactors when the reaction is complete?

A

Cofactors return to their previous state

33
Q

What are common metal cofactors?

A

Copper, iron, zinc

34
Q

What is the name for organic molecule cofactors?

A

Coenzymes

35
Q

In what type of feedback of a metabolic pathway, does the product of a reaction inhibit the enzyme that controls its formation?

A

Negative Feedback

36
Q

When the products of a reaction inhibit the continuation of the reaction

A

Negative Feedback Loop

37
Q

Agents which stop enzymes from functioning

A

Inhibitors

38
Q

What inhibitors bind to the enzyme and change the shape of the enzyme and results in the substrate not being able to bind to the enzyme?

A

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

39
Q

What inhibitors insert themselves in the active site and results in substrate not being able to bind due to a molecule already inhabiting its active site?

A

Competitive Inhibitor

40
Q

When the final product of a pathway leads to more production?

A

Positive Feedback

41
Q

What type of feedback does the product of a reaction activates the pathway that catalyzes its production?

A

Positive Feedback

42
Q

what regulates what goes in and out of the cell?

A

Cell Membrane

43
Q

What kind of membranes allow certain substances the ability to move in/out and block other substances

A

Selectively Permeable Membranes

44
Q

When a solute is more dense in one location than another location

A

Concentration Gradient

45
Q

Spontaneous motion of matter from high concentration to low concentration

A

Diffusion

46
Q

What transport system does not require energy expenditure from the cell?

A

Passive Transport

47
Q

What type of transport requires diffusion?

A

Passive Transport

48
Q

Simple Diffusion is considered what type of transport?

A

Passive Transport

49
Q

Motion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

50
Q

The comparison of solute concentrations between substances

A

Tonicity

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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