Test 2

Question 1

What are the states of energy?

Answer 1

Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy

Question 2

What is energy?

Answer 2

Ability to do work - i.e. rearranging molecules, reproducing, traffic, etc.

Question 3

Food is an example of what kind of energy?

Answer 3

Potential Energy

Question 4

Muscles contracting is an example of what kind of energy?

Answer 4

Kinetic Energy

Question 5

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 5

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed - amount of energy in the universe is constant

Question 6

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 6

When energy is converted from one form to another then it is not 100% efficient.

Question 7

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living body

Answer 7

Metabolism

Question 8

Endergonic Reactions

Answer 8

Chemical reactions which store energy from an input of energy from another system

Question 9

Photosynthesis is an example of what time of chemical reaction?

Answer 9

Endergonic Reaction - takes sun’s light and stores it in the form of chemical energy

Question 10

Exergonic Reactions

Answer 10

Chemical reactions that release energy and with these reactions, the products have less energy than the reactants.

Question 11

Cellular respiration is an example of what kind of chemical reaction?

Answer 11

Exergonic Reaction - chemical break down of sugars resulting in energy release.

Question 12

A distinct set of events (chemical reactions) which ultimately result in the removal of waste materials or the storage of energy.

Answer 12

Metabolic Pathway

Question 13

DNA replication is an example of what kind of chemical reaction?

Answer 13

Metabolic Pathway

Question 14

Electrons can carry energy and can be moved from one atom/molecule to another atom/molecule. What is this reaction called?

Answer 14

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction or “Redox”

Question 15

Loss of electrons from a molecule or atom

Answer 15

Oxidation

Question 16

Oxidation is an example of what type of reaction?

Answer 16

Exergonic reaction

Question 17

The gain of an electron

Answer 17

Reduction

Question 18

Reduction is what type of chemical reaction?

Answer 18

Endergonic reaction

Question 19

The currency of a cell?

Answer 19

ATP

Question 20

What molecule is used by cells to temporarily store energy and release energy for cellular functions?

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

What organelle produces ATP?

Answer 21

Mitochondria

Question 22

When is energy transferred?

Answer 22

When a phosphate is released from an ATP molecule

Question 23

Transferring of a phosphate from one molecule (ATP) to another

Answer 23

Phosphorylation

Question 24

The transferring of a phosphate from one molecule of ATP to another induces what 2 molecular conditions?

Answer 24

1) May result in a new shape of the target molecule

2) May increase the likelihood of the molecule boding with another atom/molecule

Question 25

Humans typically go through how many ATP molecules a minute?

Answer 25

2 billion

Question 26

Organic molecules that increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur

Answer 26

Enzymes

Question 27

How do enzymes lower the activation energy?

Answer 27

1) Put substrates (reactants) together 2) Orient substrates to proper position 3) Move water out of the way 4) Change shape of molecules so they will fit

Question 28

Amount of energy necessary to initiate chemical reaction

Answer 28

Activation Energy

Question 29

Portion of protein where the molecules fit in the enzymes

Answer 29

Active Site

Question 30

When an enzyme active site accepts the substrate what does this create?

Answer 30

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Question 31

Substances that must be present for an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction?

Answer 31

Cofactors

Question 32

What happens to cofactors when the reaction is complete?

Answer 32

Cofactors return to their previous state

Question 33

What are common metal cofactors?

Answer 33

Copper, iron, zinc

Question 34

What is the name for organic molecule cofactors?

Answer 34

Coenzymes

Question 35

In what type of feedback of a metabolic pathway, does the product of a reaction inhibit the enzyme that controls its formation?

Answer 35

Negative Feedback

Question 36

When the products of a reaction inhibit the continuation of the reaction

Answer 36

Negative Feedback Loop

Question 37

Agents which stop enzymes from functioning

Answer 37

Inhibitors

Question 38

What inhibitors bind to the enzyme and change the shape of the enzyme and results in the substrate not being able to bind to the enzyme?

Answer 38

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Question 39

What inhibitors insert themselves in the active site and results in substrate not being able to bind due to a molecule already inhabiting its active site?

Answer 39

Competitive Inhibitor

Question 40

When the final product of a pathway leads to more production?

Answer 40

Positive Feedback

Question 41

What type of feedback does the product of a reaction activates the pathway that catalyzes its production?

Answer 41

Positive Feedback

Question 42

what regulates what goes in and out of the cell?

Answer 42

Cell Membrane

Question 43

What kind of membranes allow certain substances the ability to move in/out and block other substances

Answer 43

Selectively Permeable Membranes

Question 44

When a solute is more dense in one location than another location

Answer 44

Concentration Gradient

Question 45

Spontaneous motion of matter from high concentration to low concentration

Answer 45

Diffusion

Question 46

What transport system does not require energy expenditure from the cell?

Answer 46

Passive Transport

Question 47

What type of transport requires diffusion?

Answer 47

Passive Transport

Question 48

Simple Diffusion is considered what type of transport?

Answer 48

Passive Transport

Question 49

Motion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 49

Osmosis

Question 50

The comparison of solute concentrations between substances

Answer 50

Tonicity