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Biology 101 > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

an organism is a living thing made up of 1 or more cells; they all reproduce either asexually or sexually which leads to new organisms

A

Organism

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2
Q

most basic fundamental unit of life

A

cell

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3
Q

a type of unicellular organism that has only the outer membrane structure known as the plasma membrane and DOES NOT contain a nucleus nor specialized organelles

A

Prokaryote

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4
Q

any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles that are enclosed within membranes

A

Eukaryote

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5
Q

most fundamental unit of elements; basic unit of matter

A

atom

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6
Q

structures that are made up of atoms bonded together

A

Molecule

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7
Q

structures that consist of multiple related cells which have the same purpose

A

Tissue

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8
Q

different tissue types that are organized and interact with a particular purpose

A

organ

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9
Q

organs whose functions are interrelated

A

organ system

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10
Q

a group of organisms of the same species breeding and interacting with one another

A

Population

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11
Q

a group of organisms of a variety of species sharing the same location

A

Community

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12
Q

the community plus the abiotic components of the area which they survive

A

ecosystem

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13
Q

the interactions of all the ecosystems over the earth

A

Biosphere

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14
Q

a property of a complex system that is not exhibited by its individual component parts; the combination of the interactions of chemicals and complex functions leads to emergent properties which ultimately results in an organism being alive.

A

emergent Properties

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15
Q

refers to an organisms that is able to produce its own food to survive

A

producers

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16
Q

organisms that consume other organisms or organic matter to receive energy; are unable to produce their own food to survive.

A

Consumers

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17
Q

an organism that digests dead matter outside of its body and absorbs the digest materials.

A

Decomposers

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18
Q

organism that obtains its energy from dead bodies or waste products of their environments

A

Detritivore

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19
Q

process in which a living organism maintains its internal environment - temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen, etc.

A

Homeostasis

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20
Q

reproduction without sex; results in organisms with the same genetics as their parents; common in unicellular organisms.

A

Asexual Reproduction

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21
Q

reproduction involving the union of gametes; involves 2 parents mixing their DNA with one another; results in genetic variation

A

Sexual Reproduction

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22
Q

an inherited trait which enhances survival of the organism which leads to more reproduction

A

Adaptation

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23
Q

a change in the genetic material not caused by recombination

A

Mutation

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24
Q

the differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic types belonging to the same population; organisms traits change through time and these changes can lead to new species

A

Natural Selection

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25
Q

change in the type of genes (and alleles) within a population

A

evolution

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26
Q

the science of naming, classifying, and organizing living organisms. The basic unit of taxonomy is the species

A

Taxonomy

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27
Q

a group of organisms capable of breeding with one another

A

Species

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28
Q

closely related species that are grouped together for classifying

A

Genus

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29
Q

three branches of life - bacteria, archae, and eukarya

A

Domains

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30
Q

unicellular organisms that lack nuclei

A

Bacteria

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31
Q

unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and have a different cell wall than bacteria

A

Archaea

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32
Q

unicellular OR multicellular organisms that contain nuclei and are made of eukaryotic cells

A

Eukarya

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33
Q

consists of bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, animals

A

Kingdoms

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34
Q

complex and single celled organisms; most bacteria that exist are eubacteria.

A

Kingdom Bacteria (Eubacteria)

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35
Q

unicellular organisms found in extreme environments

A

Kingdom Archaea (Archaebacteria)

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36
Q

organisms known as algae or slime molds; most are unicellular and they are complex cells

A

Kingdom Protists

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37
Q

organisms such as mushrooms, mold, mildew, etc; most fungi are multicellular and consist of complex cells

A

Kingdom Fungi

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38
Q

flowers, mosses, ferns, etc; multicellular organisms that consist of complex cells

A

Kingdom Plants

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39
Q

all animals consist of many complex cells; aka heterotrophs

A

Kingdom Animals

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40
Q

a tool used to study the universe - physics, biology, chemistry, etc.

A

Science

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41
Q

a process used to help figure out an aspect of the universe using evidence to answer questions and test ideas - observations & questions, hypothesis, experiment & data collection, analysis/conclusion.

A

scientific method

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42
Q

educated guess and best explanation a scientist comes up with as to why a phenomena occurs; has predictive aspects which can be tested.

A

Hypothesis

43
Q

this is what makes a hypothesis be truly accepted within the scientific community and consists of scientific peers reviewing the work of another scientist to determine if the work is valid

A

peer review

44
Q

testing process to support or disprove hypotheses and to answer questions

A

Experiment

45
Q

amount of individual subjects the scientist will study in order to form a conclusion; has to be large enough in order to accurately represent the real word

A

Sample Size

46
Q

element of an experiment which can change and there are 3 different types (independent, dependent, control)

A

Variable

47
Q

subject of the study; scientist is trying to determine if the independent variable is actually causing the effects observed

A

Independent Variable

48
Q

the response or the measureable response of the experiment; it is the result of the experiment

A

Dependent Variable

49
Q

control variable; all of the other variables the scientists attempts to keep constant through the experiment to make sure they are not influencing the results of the experiment

A

(Control) Standardized Variable

50
Q

the group in a experiment that is not subjected to the independent variable

A

Control Group

51
Q

when the subject doesn’t know if it is having the independent variable applied to it or not

A

Placebo

52
Q

when the experimenter (scientist) doesn’t know which group has the independent variable applied to it

A

Double Blind Test

53
Q

an explanation of why an effect occurs and has predictive abilities

A

theory

54
Q

an observed fact

A

Law

55
Q

5 Principles of life are what?

A

1) Organization, 2) Energy Use, 3) Maintenance of Internal Environment (Homeostasis), 4) Reproduction, Growth, & Development, 5) Evolution - what are these?

56
Q

Life having structure to it is what?

A

Organization

57
Q

All of life uses energy that can come from different places such as the sun? Which principle is this?

A

Energy Use

58
Q

Homeostasis - temperature, pH, salinity, etc - what principle is this?

A

Maintenance

59
Q

What are the various ranks of taxonomy?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

60
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

61
Q

What kingdoms does Domain Eukarya have?

A

Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista

62
Q

What are the scientific method processes?

A

Observation & Questions, Hypothesis, Experiment & Data Collection, Analysis/Conclusion & Peer Review

63
Q

Faith is not a part of science as it is not testable. Philosophy doesn’t test things the way science does and does not belong in science? – What are these examples of?

A

Abilities and limits of science

64
Q

anything that takes up space

A

Matter

65
Q

pure unit of matter which has certain characteristics which can’t be changed by normal chemical means

A

Element

66
Q

the 25 elements that make up the majority of living objects

A

Bulk Elements

67
Q

naturally occurring substance that is solid and inorganic

A

Minerals

68
Q

dietary element needed in very minute quantities for growth and development and physiology of an organism

A

Trace Elements

69
Q

smallest unit of an element consists of protons, neutrons, electrons

A

Atom

70
Q

(+) charged subatomic particle

A

Proton

71
Q

neutral subatomic particle

A

Neutron

72
Q

(-) charged subatomic particle

A

Electrons

73
Q

amount of protons within the nucleus of an atom

A

Atomic Number

74
Q

atom that has gained or lost an electron

A

Ion

75
Q

based upon the amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus – sum of neutrons and protons

A

Mass Number

76
Q

Each of 2 or more forms of the same element that contains the equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

A

isotope

77
Q

mass of an atomic particle, sub-atomic particle, or molecule

A

Atomic Mass

78
Q

unstable elements with high energy

A

Radioactive

79
Q

structure that consists of 2 or more atoms bonded together

A

Molecule

80
Q

a molecule that consists of 2 or more element

A

Compound

81
Q

term used to describe the location of electrons around an atom

A

Orbitals

82
Q

With this bond, atoms have very similar strengths in electronegativity - there are 2 types of these kinds of bonds.

A

Covalent Bond

83
Q

a bond between 2 atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair

A

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

84
Q

a bond between 2 atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair

A

Polar Covalent Bonds

85
Q

these form when 1 atom steals the electrons from another atom; the different charges of each of the ions attract one another to each other

A

Ionic Bonds

86
Q

the amount of pull the protons within the nucleus have on their valence shell electrons; this association between protons and electron will determine the type of bond that forms between 2 different elements

A

Electronegativity

87
Q

electronegativity values difference are less than 0.5

A

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

88
Q

electronegativity values difference are equal to or more than 0.5 but less than 1.9

A

Polar Covalent Bond

89
Q

electronegativity values of more than 1.9

A

Ionic Bond

90
Q

the amino acid sequence; a chain of amino acids attached to one another

A

Primary Structure

91
Q

folding which occurs between the former carboxyl of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid; can either form beta sheets or alpha helixes

A

Secondary Structure

92
Q

structure between the “R” groups of the various amino acids and creates important 3D shape of the protein

A

Tertiary Structure

93
Q

only occurs in some proteins and involves the bonding of several proteins together; hemoglobin is an example

A

Quaternary Structure

94
Q

this lipid has all the hydrogen atoms possible and has a straight appearance; butter and margarine are examples

A

Saturated Fats

95
Q

this lipid has fewer hydrogens and has carbons which are double bonded to one another creating a kink or a bend in the molecular structure; olive oil and plant oils

A

Unsaturated Fats

96
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

97
Q

What are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides

98
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharidse

99
Q

Molecular structures which are the result of many monomers together

A

Polymers

100
Q

How are monomers put together?

A

Dehydration Synthesis -

101
Q

How are polymers taken apart?

A

Hydrolysis - bond is broken by adding water

102
Q

3 long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

A

Triglycerides

103
Q

Fatty acids combined with alcohols or other hydrocarbons

A

Wax

104
Q

4 interconnected carbon chains; cholesterol

A

Sterol

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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