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Global Health > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Founders of environment health

A

Florence, Lillian wald, and Virginia Henderson (fostered prevention and self sufficiency in the environment)

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2
Q

Lead contamination

A

Over 10 ug/dL is bad, Symptoms include anorexia, apathy, irritability, headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, anemia, weight loss, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy and seizures. Exposure may manifest reduced intellectual and neuropsychologic development.

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3
Q

Healthy people goals

A

Want 85% of people to live in an area that meets EPA standards for pollution
Increase protection from radon
Decrease beach closings from bacteria

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4
Q

Strategies for protection

A

Educate, permits, guidelines/standards, use of non-disposable products

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5
Q

Nurses role

A

Advocate for policy change, provide accurate information, spokesperson

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6
Q

Four environmental principles

A
  1. Everything is connected to everything else
  2. Everything has to go somewhere
  3. The solution to pollution is dilution
  4. Today’s solution may be tomorrow’s problem
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7
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution or patterns of health events in populations and the determinants or factors that influence those patterns.
Provides baseline data for utilization in the community
Focus on population, cause, prevention and maintenance

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8
Q

Descriptive epidemic

A

Looks at health outcome related to person place and time

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9
Q

Analytic epidemic

A

Looks at determinants of disease, the how and why

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10
Q

Study types

A

ECOLOGICAL looks at descriptive and analytical epidemiology ie comparison breast cancer rates and breat feeding
CROSS SECTIONAL general description of scope of problem, collection of simultaneous data like health status, potential risk factors and personal characteristics
CASE-CONTROL known to have or not have outcome
COHORT calculation of incidence rates and factor or exposure

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11
Q

Epidemiology basic concepts

A

Agent: factor present or lacking for the disease to exist (ex. Not having enough vit C leads to scurvy)
Host: living species capable of being affected or infected by the disease
Environment: all that is external or internal to host or agent that influences the host or agent

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12
Q

Environmental health

A

Environment is the primary determinant of health

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13
Q

Level of prevention

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

To prevent or halt or reverse a disease as early as possible

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14
Q

Primary prevention

A

Promotes health and prevents disease from occurring

Pre-pathogenesis, risk factors, health promotion and protection

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15
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Detect disease early in process, before clinical S/S are present, enables early diagnosis and treatment
Pathogenesis, sub clinical signs, early detection/diagnosis through screenings, etc.

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16
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Intervention begins once disease is obvious, to interrupt amount of disability that may occur and begin rehab
Advanced disease culmination, care and rehab

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17
Q

Natural history or progression of disease

A

Pre-pathogenesis (susceptibility)
Pathogenesis (before symptoms and clinical onset)
Culmination (death, disability, recovery)

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18
Q

Data measurement

A

Epidemiological Rates - measure frequency of event in a defined population and period of time
Incidence rates: new cases in a population during a period of time
Prevalence rates: measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time
Morbidity-event of illness
Mortality: death
Risk, probability illness will occur

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19
Q

John grunt

A

Used bills of mortality to study death patterns, forerunner of demographics
looked at births and deaths weekly
More male babies and more males died.
Infant mortality seasonal and high assess impact black plague on popuation london

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20
Q

Lemuel shattuck

A

Sanitation and public health

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21
Q

Experimental studies

A

Investigator initiates treatment or intervention that may influence the risk or course of disease
Clinical and community trials

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22
Q

Screenings

A

Give test to people who are a symptomatic but likely to have the disease
Validity and reliability

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23
Q

Communicable disease

A

A human or animal disease caused by an infectious agent and resulting from transmission of that agent from an infected person, animal or inanimate source to a susceptible host. Infectious disease may be communicable or non communicable.

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24
Q

Endemic

A

Constant presence of infectious disease within a specified geographic location

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25
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurrence of an infectious agent or disease within a geographic area in greater numbers than would be expected

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26
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide outbreak of epidemic

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27
Q

Communicable disease history

A

Communicable disease was the leading cause of death in 1800s
Epidemics were popular and wiped out entire populations
Decrease since 1900s

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28
Q

Reason for decrease in diseases

A

Improved nutrition and sanitation
Vaccination
Antibiotics

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29
Q

Categories of infectious agents

A

Bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

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30
Q

Agent factors

A

Infectivity, pathogenesis, virulence, toxicity, invasiveness, antigenicity

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31
Q

Host factors

A

Susceptibility, human or animal
Resistance-ability to withstand infection
Natural immunity-innate resistance to specific disease
Acquired immunity-acquired by host from other agent
Active immunization-administration of antigen
Passive immune-transfer antibody from immune person to non immune
Herd immune-group or community immune
Infectiousness-potential ability of infected host to transmit infection

32
Q

Environmental factors

A

Facilitates transmission of infectious agents

Factors-physical, social, biological, cultural

33
Q

Methods of transmission

A

Horizontal-person to person
Vehicle-non living transmission
Vector-living transmission from host to host
Other: airborne, direct, indirect, fecal, oral, insect, animal bites

34
Q

Disease development

A

Infection-entry, development, and multiplication f agent within host
Disease-one of the possible outcomes of infection
Incubation-time between invasion of infectious agent and first appearance of signs and symptoms
Communicable-time infectious agent transfers directly or indirectly

35
Q

Disease surveillance

A

Identify case, report suspected and confirmed cases, analyze, synthesize, and provide information

36
Q

Notifiable infectious diseases

A

Vaccine preventable, food borne, enteric, std, zoonotic, meningitis, and other (environmental, occupational, bioterrorism)

37
Q

STD history

A

Antibiotics in the 40s were thought to be able to get rid of all std, however viral strains had emerged leading to an increase in incurable std

38
Q

How to combat std

A

Monogamous relationships, abstinence, condom use, routine screening, vaccination, and decrease exposure

39
Q

HIV resources

A

Prevention, programs, support groups, research

40
Q

TB

A

Foreign born 10 times higher than US born, 2nd greatest killer from a single infectious disease (hiv is first)
Highest rates are over 65 and Asian
Risk factors: urban, low income, nonwhite, foreign born, homeless, incarceration

41
Q

Other communicable diseases

A

Malaria, fifth disease, hand foot and mouth disease, giardia, salmonella, Ebola

42
Q

Culture

A

Learned set of ideas, values, & assumptions about life shared by a group of people.

43
Q

Race

A

Group of individuals who share common biological features

44
Q

Ethnicity

A

Classification of people based on some commonality or affiliation

45
Q

Cultural assessment

A

Culture awareness-Appreciation of/sensitivity to the client’s/family values, beliefs, practices, lifestyle.
Cultural knowledge-Information about that culture to provide care.
Cultural skill – Integration of cultural awareness & clinical knowledge to meets the client’s/family need
Cultural encounter – Nurses learn directly from the family life experiences & significance of these experiences for health.
Cultural preservation – Support use of client’s culture that promote healthy behaviors
Cultural accommodation – Integrate culturally relevant practice that lacks scientific utility.
Cultural repatterning – Nurse makes changes in practices that are harmful.
Cultural brokering - Nurse is the advocate, mediator, negotiator, & intervenes between the health care system and the client’s/family culture.

46
Q

Variations among culture groups

A

Communication, space, social organization, time perception, environmental control, biological variations

47
Q

Family

A

Two or more individuals who depend on one another for emotional, physical, and/or financial support (Hanson)
Two or more individuals who share a residence or live near one another; posess some common emothional bond, engage in interrelated social positions, roles and tasks, and share a sense of affection and belonging (Murray & Enter, Friedman)
Families main unit of service in community
Family in mind for bulk of health care and related services- Senior centers, IZ’s, Parenting classes

48
Q

Characteristics of a healthy family

A

Communicate, support, respect, trust, plays together, interact, share leisure time together, shared responsibility, traditions and rituals, religious core, privacy, open boundaries and admit wrongs

49
Q

Assessment of family strengths (Herman Otto)

A

Similar to healthy family characteristics, look at slides for in depth description

50
Q

Family primary prevention

A

Health promotion and disease prevention, family takes responsibility for health and incorporates wellness

51
Q

Family secondary prevention

A

Early diagnosis and treatment, screenings, assessments, family pathology

52
Q

Family tertiary prevention

A

Reduce extent and severity of health problems to minimize disability and restore/preserve function
Learn to live with disabilities in families
Alleviate or heal emotional, physical, or suffering

53
Q

Family assessment model (Friedman)

A

Families are viewed as an open social system in which the family’s structure & functions & the family’s relationship to other social systems are the focus

54
Q

Friedman categories

A

Identify data, developmental stage and history, environmental data, family structure/function, family stress, coping and adaptation

55
Q

Genogram

A

Displays pertinent family information in a family tree format over last three generations. Shows health history, morbidity, mortality, illness.

56
Q

Eco map

A

Visual picture of the family in relation to the community. Allows nurse to have holistic & integrated perception of the family.

57
Q

Family influences across decades

A

Marriage/divorce, single parent, children in poverty, women in workforce, economy, families continue to evolve, different definitions of family

58
Q

Meet goals of health promotion

A

Increase understanding of health, raise community standards of health, increase positive healthy behaviors

59
Q

Neonatal issues

A

Educating parents on nutrition, elimination, sleep, development, safety

60
Q

Low birth weight risk factors

A

Minority, poverty, stress, poor nutrition, smoking, substance abuse, altitude, lack of prenatal care

61
Q

Florence nightingale and child care

A

made the connection in 1894 between the importance of good child care to build health: “Money would be better spent in maintaining health in infancy and childhood than in building hospitals to alleviate disease. It is much cheaper to promote health than to maintain people in sickness.”

62
Q

Toddler concerns

A

Teeth, weight gain, anterior fontanels, other common health issues

63
Q

Women’s health

A

Through entire lifespan, focus on all aspects: physical, mental, social, cultural, & economic

64
Q

PHN roles in women’s health

A

Stop tobacco use, decrease obesity, fat and sun exposure, increase exercise, decrease alcohol and drugs, screenings, stress management

65
Q

3 major causes of mortality in women

A

Cardiovascular disease, cancer and cerebrovascular disease

66
Q

Major health problems for women

A

Obesity, osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, depression

67
Q

Healthy people goals 2020 for women

A

Osteoporosis, uterine cancer, mammograms, rape, maternal death, pregnancy

68
Q

Men’s health

A

Shorter life span, and more die at birth, and have higher rates of disease

69
Q

Men’s health problems

A

Suicide, violence (risky behavior), alcohol and drugs,

70
Q

Healthy people goals 2020 for men

A

Cancer, heart disease, stroke, hiv, injury/violence prevention, mental health, substance abuse, family planning

71
Q

Elder health

A

Increased life expectancy=increase chronic problems, difficulty with ADL, economic insecurity, pets and plants

72
Q

PHN goals for elders

A

Optimize functional level and minimize decline, remain in home, improve quality of life, prevention focused

73
Q

Elder health issues

A

Arthritis, dementia, delirium, Alzheimer’s, advance directives, assisted living, nursing home, comprehensive health assessments

74
Q

Issues for disabled and handicapped

A

Effects on others, individual effects, abuse, income level, support

75
Q

PHN role for disability

A

Advocate, case finder, change agent, case management, educator, coordinator

76
Q

All ages and health level goals

A

Health promotion, education, injury prevention, and health maintenance

Global Health (2 decks)

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