Test 1 Flashcards
Middle Ages
Care declined for people but remained a concern for crusades
Renaissance
More care for people and increased experiments, two important people St. Vincent de Paul and madam le gras
17-1800s
Sairey Gant, care was given by drunks and prostitutes and the idea of nurses was they were lazy and didn’t help
1800s
Florence nightingale. Instrumental in changing nursing and caring for the sick. She did experiments to see what would help with care, hand washing and cleaner environment was the biggest change.
William rathbone started visiting nursing for care of families in home
Early 1900s
Many discoveries about diseases and how they work.
Public health organizations in big cities: goal to protect people from epidemic (prevention and control)
City and state health departments were developed to help with this
Shattuck Report, to give more info to show why health dept were needed
1918 pandemic of Spanish flu, remember video (lots died and no cures or saving them)
1920-1970
Focus on communicable disease and cleaner conditions
Visiting nursing
Developed to help families and the community. Usually lower income areas
Lillian wald coined term public health nursing, she changed many laws and conditions (living, parks, food, recreation)
Both public and private funding
Community health structure
Official agency (government), volunteer (donations), and private (fee for service)
The beginning…when and where
Technically throughout history and with Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians.
70-80s
Public health nursing changed into community health nursing to focus on the community and not just a person or a family
Public health
Preventing and promoting healthy living for everyone, control infection, increase sanitation, and apply to each community
Public health functions
Assessment, assurance, policy development
Assessment
Monitor health status and identify problems early; diagnose and investigate health and hazards
Policy development
Inform, educate and empower public with their health; mobilize programs to solve issues; support individual and community through plans and policies
Assurance
Enforce laws to ensure safety; link people to needed services; ensure competent public health workforce; evaluate effectiveness
Health care system
Popular health care subsystem, folk or traditional subsystem, and scientific system
Scientific: personal or community
Personal: cure of disease and restoration of health usually in clinic setting
Community: promoting health and preventing disease, usually by volunteer (funded by donations and from people who believe in this cause) or official (government run and uses tax dollars/public funding) organizations
State level functions
Regulation, inspection and licensure, planning, education, statistic and environment
National level
Regulate foreign and interstate commerce, levy taxes and promote welfare, and make treaties
Community
Collection of people who have similar characteristics or common geographic location (geographic, demographic, or social)
Community process for assessment
Stage 1: observe community, stage 2: participant observation, more specified, phase 3: nursing diagnosis of problem, phase 4: planing, interventions and prioritize, phase 5: implement, phase 6: evaluation
Health
State of psychological or mental well being,
Health promotion focus of care
Promotion, prevention, care for individual, family and community
Health promotion
Prevention is to decrease the threat and health maintenance is keeping the current state
Framingham study
1949 identified factors leading to heart disease, blood pressure and stroke
Alameda study
Studied sleep, eating, behaviors, exercise, decrease alcohol, no smoking, and height weight. Each of these lead to increase morbidity and mortality
Health risk appraisals
Prevention and risk reduction, appraisal used to identify risks of individual (filling out survey online, etc), can be used to guide education and counseling and risk reducing behaviors
Health promotion model
Orient community, build partnerships, community structure, leadership and assessing community, action for health, data information for policy makers, and monitoring and evaluating
Health education
Give people the ability to control their health, and as people age they need more healthy lifestyles
Healthy people 2020 goals
Increase quality of years and healthiness, eliminate health disparities, protect health, and make environment safer
Health indicators
Reflects major health concerns, and importance of certain issues
Levels of prevention
Primary, secondary, tertiary
To prevent or halt or reverse a disease as early as possible
Primary prevention
Promotes health and prevents disease from occurring
Secondary prevention
Detect disease early in process, before clinical S/S are present, enables early diagnosis and treatment
Tertiary prevention
Intervention begins once disease is obvious, to interrupt amount of disability that may occur and begin rehab
Health belief model
Variables affect the likelihood of initiating actions. If a person believes something will help and they have the ability to obtain this they are more likely to do it
Education models and principles
Nature of learning, cognitive ability, affective domain (attitudes and values), psychomotor domain (performance)
Nurse educator principles
Clear message, appropriate format, positive experience, participation, best environment, evaluation
Cultural diversity and care
Should match the beliefs for client, sensitivity and awareness, communication and assessment
Small pox
Eradication started in the 60 and completed by late 70-90s. Global effort to stop it, and took large amounts of money and strict organization to stop the spread or to prevent the infections. All levels of prevention were used with this disease. Need reliable information, documenting, commitment, leadership and technology. This also increased number of other vaccines given especially to children at time of small pox shot, like measles or mumps.
Disease candidate for eradication
No animal host or virus known
Tools for accurate diagnosis and surveillance
Transmission can be stopped
Non lethal infection or vaccination provides like long immunity
Important for international public health
Political support and commitment to stop it
Thai HIV
Spread was large in Thailand and once it was made aware of the large number of individuals changes were made. Laws for sex establishments were enforced and education and testing was made available to all. Rates dropped exponentially from 200000 new cases each year to about 15000 and sti were down as well. The policy adopted throughout the entire country. It was effective throughout sex places but not in casual encounters, this is still an area that needs more help and education to prevent. Also large amounts of advertisements were available to show what can happen if you don’t use condoms.
Vitamin A in Nepal
High dose supplements were implemented twice a year after doing two studies in different areas to determine a decrease in child mortality. Currently it is down about 50 percent with about 80-90 percent adherence. Local female volunteers were used by giving them no monetary compensation but giving priority in line or for government programs. This also increase the female respect and trust in the staff and government. Other programs are being implemented to increase dietary intake from home gardens and diet changes. Recently funds have been placed into an account to keep this going for a longer term. Decreases in childhood diseases like measles are also seen and mortality is lower from them because supplements lessen the attar on the system.
Sri Lanka maternal deaths
With the help of better health care and better trained midwives and access to care the maternal death rates decreased over time. Increasing the amount of training for midwives and the ability to get to a hospital greatly helped the maternal rates. They had good record keeping to track the amount of deaths, and there is a better referral process. Not only did midwifery assist in decreasing rates but better environment and higher access to professionals greatly decreased deaths.
Diarrhea
Ort was a formula developed to combat dehydration and after marketing and research it was able to drop rates by at least 25 percent. It was difficult for rural areas because of the distance and lack of medical facilities. Professionals were trained to give public information and TV was used for mass marketing.
