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Exercise Physiology > Test 2 389 > Flashcards

Test 2 389 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothermia

A

core temperature below 35 degrees celsius or 95 degrees fahrenheit

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2
Q

temperature at homeostasis

A

37 degrees celsius

98.6 degrees farenheit

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3
Q

2 degrees celsius drop from 35 degrees C is associated with what condition?

A

maximal shivering

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4
Q

4 degrees C drop from 35 is associeted with

A

ataxia and apathy

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5
Q

ataxia

A

unctrlled muscular contraction

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6
Q

apathy

A

know something is wrong, but don’t care

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7
Q

6 degree drop from 35 C associated with

A

unconsciousness

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8
Q

drop greater 6 degrees C from 35 is

A

ventricular fibrillation, reduced brain blood flow, asystole, and death

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9
Q

asystole

A

no contraction= death

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10
Q

What four conditions occur when heat loss exceeds production?

A

Conduction
convection
radiation
evaporation

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11
Q

4 main reasons for heat loss

A

Temperature
Vapor Pressure
Wind
Water Immersion

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12
Q

Temp as factor for heat loss

A

gradient for convective heat loss, difference in temp so heat will go from hot to cold (heat rises)

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13
Q

Vapor pressure does what?

A

low water vapor pressure encourages evaporation

dry= increase heat loss & evaporation

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14
Q

Wind is example of what property

A

convection proptery

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15
Q

Winds impact on heat loss

A

rate of heat loss influenced by wind speed

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16
Q

wind speed encourages

A

evaporation so increasing heat loss

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17
Q

Water immersion rate of heat loss is .. ..

How come??

A

25x greater than air @ same temp because water is a better conductor and is denser, so temp is dispersed better onto body and constantly transferring heat faster

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18
Q

Hypothermia is influenced by

A

natural and added insulation, environmental temp, vapor pressure, wind, water immersion and heat production

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19
Q

Wind chill index describes how??

A

wind lowers the effective temperature at the skin such that convective heat loss is greater than what it would be in calm air at same temp

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20
Q

Water causes heat to . . . ?

A

be lost by convection twenty-five times faster than it would be by exposure to air of the same temperature

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21
Q

3 insulating factors

A

subcutaneous fat
clothing
amount of insulation required is lower during exs

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22
Q

Subcutaneous fat

A

great insulator, not great heat transfer/loss

especially effective in cold water

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23
Q

clothing is measured how and what does that measurement equate to?

A

1 clo unit= insulation needed to maintain core temp at rest at 21 degrees celsius, 50%RH and 6 m/min winds

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24
Q

RH

A

relative humidity

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25
Q

what does increased clo units mean?

A

if colder than 21 deg C, more human than 50%RH, and faster than 6m/min, the number of clo units will increase

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26
Q

As temp & activity increase, blank happens

A

clo units requirements decrease

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27
Q

How does body produce heat (heat production)?

A

Heat production from shivering increases upon exposure to cold

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28
Q

What is shivering

A

shivering is small muscle contractions to generate heat so ATP is breaking down making more heat

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29
Q

Shivering effect on o2 consumption? (VO2)

A

Earlier onset of shivering in lean men, VO2 increases

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30
Q

Fuel used for heat production

A

CHO and lipid, how much depends on intensity of shivering , type of diet, and muscle fiber type, and you can deplete glycogen

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31
Q

what determines fuel person used?

A

how trained person is and intensity of exs

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32
Q

Heavy exercise fuel used

A

carbs

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33
Q

light intensity

A

lipids

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34
Q

Fuel used for heat production

A

CHO and lipid, how much depends on intensity of shivering , type of diet, and muscle fiber type, and you can deplete glycogen

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35
Q

what determines fuel person used?

A

how trained person is and intensity of exs

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36
Q

Heavy exercise fuel used

A

carbs

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37
Q

light intensity

A

lipids

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38
Q

Characterisctics influencing responses to cold exposure

A

Gender and age

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39
Q

Genders influence to cold exposure response

A

At rest, women show faster reduction in body temperature then men since females have more subcutaneous fat so they have more surface so heat dissapates more anthropometry

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40
Q

Where is decrease in body temp similar in the both genders

A

in cold water

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41
Q

what age are people less tolerant to cold?

A

greater than 60 yrs old

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42
Q

Why do children experience faster fall in body temp?

A

faster metabolism so catabolism and anabolism is faster when cold, heat produced increase so more heat is given off/ loss

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43
Q

What is the primary natural insulation and is very effective in preventing rapid heat loss when a person is exposed to cold water ?

A

subcutaneous fat

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44
Q

Three common effects of hypothermia?

A

reduced coordination
slurred speech
impaired judgement

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45
Q

Treatment of hypothermia

A 
Get person out of cold, wind, and rain
Remove all well clothing 
provide warm drinks and dry clothes
put person into sleeping bag, and w/ person if semiconsous
Find them a source of heat
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46
Q

Hyperthermia

A

elevated body temperature

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47
Q

4 heat related issues from less severe to very dangerous

A

Heat syncope
Heat Cramps
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Stroke

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48
Q

Heat stroke

A

Medical emergency cuz person cannot regulate body temp, and the person may slip into a coma and die, can cool them down with conduction via ice bath, but too fast can lead to cardiac arrest

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49
Q

Treatment of hyperthermia

A

cold water immersion

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50
Q

When evironment is hot and humid

A

person cant sweat as much

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51
Q

Factors related to heat injury

A

fitness, sweat rate, and acclimatization

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52
Q

does higher fitness lower heat loss injury? why ??

A

Higher fitness lowers risk of heat injury since they will tolerate more work in heat, acclimatize faster, and sweat more. Fat people sweat less due to more insulation so they cannot cool down their body temp as well.

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53
Q

How does acclimatization happen?

A

10-14 days
low intensity, long duration
mod intensity, short duration
This will lower body temp and HR response and is best protection against heat stroke and exhaustion

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54
Q

WBGT

A

composite of temp, humidity, and solar radiation

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55
Q

dry bulb temp (T db)

A

air temp in shade, protected from humidity

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56
Q

black globe temp (T g)

A

radiant heat load in direct sunlight, black ball aborbs it

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57
Q

Wet bulb temp (T wb)

A

Humidity
index of ability to wick/absorb sweat
Most vital in determining overall heat stress (70% of total WBGT)

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58
Q

WBGT formula

A

WBGT= .7Twb + .2 Tg + .1Tdb

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59
Q

Increased dryness in air does what?

A

decreased temp and increase evaporation since more water will be picked, and will make WBGT decrease

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60
Q

Risk of heat stress depends on

A

WBGT

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61
Q

How does Twb work?

A

material/wick is in contact with both water and thermometer, air flows over the thermometer, evaporating water, the drier the air, the more water evaporates, and makes a cooler temperature

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62
Q

WBGT less than or equal to 50.0 degrees F

A

risk of hypothermia

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63
Q

WBGT 50-65 degress F

A

low risk of hypo- and hyperthermia

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64
Q

WBGT 65.1-72 F

A

caution: moderate risk of heat illness

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65
Q

WBGT 72.1-78 F

A

extreme caution: risk of hyperthermia increased for all

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66
Q

WBGT 78.1-82 F

A

extreme caution high risk for unfit, non-acclimatized ppl

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67
Q

WBGT greater than 82

A

Extreme risk of hyperthermia; cancel or postpone event, and is next to impossible to dissipate heat

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68
Q

of the WBGT variables what is the most important factor in determining overall heat stress?

A

water vapor pressure via Twb/ wet globe temp

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69
Q

WHAT decreases at higher altitude?

A

atmospheric pressure

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70
Q

Partial Pressure and altitude relationship

A

Same percentages of O2, CO2, N2 in air

Lower Pp of 02, CO2, N2

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71
Q

Hypoxia is not

A

hypoxemia,

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72
Q

Hypoxia defin

A

Low PO2 (altiude)

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73
Q

Normoxia

A

Normal P02 at sea level

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74
Q

Hyperoxia

A

Higher P02 like in hyperbaric chamber that is 100% oxyegn

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75
Q

Effect of Altitude on Performance short-term anaerobic performance

A

lower PO2 at altitude: little effect on performance

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76
Q

Why little improvement in Effect of Altitude on Performance short-term anaerobic performance?

A

Improves some due to lower air resistance depending on sports such as javelin, football kicker…

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77
Q

Effect of Altitude on Performance long-term aerobic performance and whY?

A

Lower PO2 results in poorer aerobic performance since they are not getting enough oxygen

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78
Q

What four components of the evironment decrease with altitude?

A

atmospheric pressure, PO2, air temp, and air density

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79
Q

The lower air density at altitude offers blank to high-speed movement (anaerobic), blank, and endurance blank blank.

A

The lower air density at altitude offers less resistance to high-speed movement, sprint performances are either not affected or are improved, and endurance performances decrease.

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80
Q

Decreased VO2max at higher altitude due to what?

A

lower o2 extraction, decreased arterial PO2, fall in maximal Q due to decreased HRmax and SV max at altitude

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81
Q

Decreased arterial PO2 what altitude?

A

moderate altitudes (4,000 m)

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82
Q

Fall in maximum cardiac output (Q) what height?

A

higher altitudes (6,000 m)q

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83
Q

Why Fall in maximum cardiac output (Q)?

A

Decreased maximal HR, SV at altitude

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84
Q

Elicits higher heart rate. . .why?

A

lower O2 content in arterial blood

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85
Q

Requires higher ventilation. . .why?

A

reduced # of O2 molecules per L of air

86
Q

Adaptation to High Altitude

A

Production of more red blood cells
Lifetime altitude residents
In those recently arriving at altitude

87
Q

Why is Production of more red blood cells an Adaptation to High Altitude?

A

Higher hemoglobin concentration via EPO

Counters desaturation caused by lower PO2

88
Q

Where are adaptations less complete due to high altitude?

A

In those recently arriving at altitude

89
Q

Have complete adaptations in arterial oxygen content and VO2 max

A

Lifetime altitude residents

90
Q

Training for Competition at Altitude 3 things

A

Effect of training at altitude on VO2 max varies among athletes

91
Q

Effect of training at altitude on VO2 max varies among athletes depends on what?

A

Due to degree of saturation of hemoglobin

92
Q

Neuroendocrine system

A

Endocrine and nervous system working together

93
Q

Endocrine sys releases

A

hormones

94
Q

Nervous system uses

A

neurotransmitters

95
Q

Endocrine glands release what how into what?

A

release hormones directly into the blood

96
Q

Hormones do what to tissues

A

Alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind (very specific)

97
Q

Several classes of hormones based on chemical makeup?

A

Amino Acid derivatives
peptides/protein
steroids

98
Q

What is blood hormone concentration ?

A

The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by the plasma concentration

99
Q

4 determinators of blood hormone concentration

A

Rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland
Rate of Metabolism or excitation of hormone
Qty of transport protein
Changes in plasma volume

100
Q

What impacts rate of secretion of hormone from endocrine gland? (2 things)

A

magnitude of input (chemicals)

stimulatory versus inhibitory inputs

101
Q

Rate of metabolism or excitation of hormone is ctrlled by?

A

at the receptors and by the liver and kidneys

102
Q

Qty of transport protein

A

steroid hormones

103
Q

Factors that influence secretion of hormones . . .?

A

tba

104
Q

Hormone-Receptor Interactions

A

Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors

105
Q

What is magnitude of effect dependent on?

A

[hormone]
# of receptors on the cell
affinity of the receptor for the hormone

106
Q

Down-regulation

A

decrease in receptor # in response to high [h]

107
Q

up-reg

A

increase in receptor # in response to low [h]

108
Q

4 MOHA

A

Altering membrane transport
Tyrosine Kinase
Altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis
Activating second msgers via G proteins

109
Q

example of altering membrane transport

A

insulin

110
Q

Tyrosine kinase example

A

insulin and GH

111
Q

altering activity of DNA to modify PS

A

roids hormones

112
Q

Second messergers

A

cAMP
Ca++
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
diacylglycerol (DAG)

113
Q

Vitamin D is really what?

A

steroid hormone

114
Q

Roid hormones have ability to do what?

A

ability to pass through cell membrane and nuclear membrane

115
Q

cAMP

A

its cAMP, not the hormone itself, that elicits the cellular response . . .. 2nd msger

116
Q

What uses cAMP mech?

A

Epinephrine/adrenaline

117
Q

Ca++, ip3, and DAG allow what?

A

cellular resp, not hormone directly

118
Q

GHRH and oxytocin use this mechanism

A

Ca and Phospholipase C Second msger mech

119
Q

How hormones bring about their effects?

A

by modifying membrane transport, activating/supressing genes to alter protein synthesis, and activating second messengers (cAMP, Ca++, ip3, and DAG)

120
Q

What are the two primary second msger mech?

A 
cAMP sys (epineph)
Ca++/IP3/DAG system (GHRH)
121
Q

what are hormones secreted from?

A

endocrine glands

122
Q

9 endocrine glands or secreters or organ secreter

A 
Hypothalamus and  Pituitary glands
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thymus glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Testes and ovaries
adipose tissue (organ not gland)
123
Q

Hypothalamus does what?

A

ctrls secretions from pituitary gland

124
Q

Adenohypophysis/anterior pit gland secretes what 7 hormones?

A 
ACTH
FSH
LH
MSH
TSH
GH
Prolactin
125
Q

Posterior pit gland secretes what 2 hormones?

A

oxytocin

ADH

126
Q

hypothalamus stimulates

A

release of hormones from the adenohypophysis gland called releasing factors or hormones

127
Q

hypothalamus provides

A

hormones for release from neurohypophysis gland, and these are hormones directly from the hypothalamus

128
Q

ACTH stimulates

A

cortisol release from adrenal glands

129
Q

FSH regulates

A

reproductive cell production in men and women

130
Q

LH stimulates

A

production of testosterone and estrogen

131
Q

MSH

A

produce and release melanin in skin and hair

132
Q

TSH

A

controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland

133
Q

prolactin

A

milk poduction

134
Q

GH stimulates

A

release of IGFs

135
Q

IGF-1 in muscle is responsible for

A

muscle growth

136
Q

GH three apsects

A

stimulates release of IGFs
Essential growth of all tissues
spares plasma glucose

137
Q

Essential growth of all tissues via GH two things that

A

Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

long bone growth

138
Q

how does GH spare plasma glucose?

A

reduces the use of plasma glucose
increases gluconeogenesis
mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue

139
Q

GH increases

A

protein synth in muscle and long bone growth

140
Q

GH is used to treat what ?

A

treat childhood dwarfism and used by elderly and athletes for strength

141
Q

GH has more what tthan what

A

adverse effect than benefits such as acromegaly

142
Q

GH release during EXS

A

increases during EXS to mobilize FFA from adipose tissue and to aid in maintenance of blood glucose

143
Q

ADH does what?

A

Reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume

144
Q

ADH favors

A

reabsorption of h2o from kidney tubules to capillaies

145
Q

ADH release stimulated by and why?

A

low plasma volume due to sweat loss without replacement of water

146
Q

ADH increases during

A

EXS to maintain plasma volume

147
Q

Thyroid gland is stimulated by?

A

TSH

148
Q

What est metabolic rate?

A

T3 and T4

149
Q

permisive hormones

A

permit full effect of other hormones (catecholamines) by increasing # of receptors on tissue

150
Q

calitonin regulates what? blocks?

A

Ca++ and blocks release from bone, stimulates excretion by kidneys

151
Q

PTH is what?

A

primary hormone in plasma Ca++ regulation

152
Q

PTH stimulates release from?

A

bone, stimulates reabsorption by kidneys

153
Q

PTH converts what?

A

vit D into steroid hormone form to increase Ca absoprtion from gut

154
Q

Adrenal Medulla secretes

A

catecholamines E ad NE

155
Q

Catecholamines characteristics

A

fast-acting hormones
part of fight or flight response
E is primary secretion (80%)

156
Q

Catecholmines bind to

A

adrenergic receptors

157
Q

Catecholamine effects depnd on?

A

hormone used and receptor type, but generally ready body for exs (increase HR, FFA mobilization)

158
Q

catecholamines use what mech

A

2nd msger mech

159
Q

Mineralcorticods include? do?

A

aldosterone

maintenance of plasm Na+ and K+

160
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

regulation of plasma glucose

161
Q

sex roids

A

androgens and estrogens

support prepubescent growth

162
Q

Aldosterone

A

Control of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion (Na/H2o ballance)
Regulation of blood volume and bp

163
Q

Aldosterone is stimulated by what?

A

increased [K+]

decreased plasma volume

164
Q

Cortisol maintains

A

maintenance of plasm glucose

165
Q

Cortisol promotes what

A

protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis

166
Q

cortisol stimulates

A

FFA mobilization and glucose release (glycogen breakdwn)

167
Q

cortisol blocks

A

uptake of glucose into cell by promoting the use of FFA as fuel

168
Q

cortisol is stimulated by what through what and is part of blank?

A

stimulated by stress via ACTH such as exercise, and is part of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

169
Q

GAS

A

Allows immunity maintenance in prolonged bouts of stress, but can fatigue itself allowing immunity depression

170
Q

GAS alarm/resistnace phase role of cortisol

A

cortisol also released (to allow blood glucose maintenance)

171
Q

Adrenal gland has 2 components called

A

medulla (inside) and cortex (outside)

172
Q

Medulla secretes

A

fight or flight hormones and bind to adrenergic receptors

173
Q

cortex secretes

A

androgenic hormones, aldosterone, andcortisol

174
Q

cortisol is called what as well?

A

stress hormone

175
Q

Adipose tissue

A

In addition to storing triglycerides, it also secretes hormones

176
Q

2 hormones secreted by adipose tissue

A

Leptin and adiponectin

177
Q

hight amounts of the hormone leptin is seen in people that are ?

A

obese individuals

178
Q

Leptin directs

A

excess kcals into adipose tissue (protects muscle cells)

179
Q

Adiponectin is seen in what ppl?

A

Lean ppl

180
Q

Adiponectin increase what?

A

insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation (decreases fat storage)

181
Q

With increased fat mass/obesity? leads to what

A

High leptin levels and lower adiponectin (leptin resistant)

Leads to type 2 DM and low-grade inflamation

182
Q

Obesity leads to how?

A

inflamation due to increased leptin and other inflamatory markers and decreased adiponectin

183
Q

Pancreas has 2 functions what are these mofo?

A

exocrine and endocrine functions

184
Q

pancreas secretes

A

Insulin from Beta cells AND glucogan from alpha cells

185
Q

Insulin promotes

A

storage of glucose, AA, and fats

186
Q

lack of insulin is called ?

A

DM

187
Q

glucagon promotes

A

mobilization FFA and glucose

188
Q

Insulin promotes storage of _____, or

A

nutrients or synthesis of glycogen (anabolism), muslce protein

189
Q

Glucagon promotes ________ of

A

breakdown/ catabolism of stored fuels (glycogen, triglycerides, protein)

190
Q

1) Of the four levels of heat illness, ________________________ is the one that is most life-threatening. When this occurs, the best way to cool the patient is to do what?

A

heat stroke

cold water immersion via ice bath to lower body temperature

191
Q

2) Circle the correct choice for each instance: When you acclimatize to exercising in the heat, you should exercise either at low/moderate intensity for a short/long duration, or low/moderate intensity for a short/long duration.

A

low long

moderate short

192
Q

3) Clothing will increase/decrease body temperature during exercise, and it will increase/decrease the amount of time to cool back to homeostasis during recovery.

A

increase

increase

193
Q

4) Write the formula for the WBGT heat index temperature below, and circle the factor that contributes most:

A

WBGT=.7Twb + .2Tg + .1 Tdb

194
Q

5) When air is dry, the wet bulb temperature will be high/low because the amount of water evaporating from the wick will be large/small.

A

loe

large

195
Q

6) A low atmospheric PO2 condition is known as ___________________. This has a ___________________ effect on anaerobic performance, and a _____________________effect on aerobic performance.

A

hypoxia
favorable
unfavorable

196
Q

7) Performing submaximal exercise at altitude causes heart rate and pulmonary ventilation to ____________________ compared to the same intensity at sea level. Both effects are due to the low __________________ at altitude.

A

Increase

Oxygen

197
Q

8) One can acclimatize to a hypoxic condition. What occurs is the body will secrete more of the hormone _____________ so that more _____________________ will be produced.

A

EPO

RBC

198
Q

9) The advantage of the “Live high, train low” premise is that by living high, you can produce more ____________________, and then use them when you train low, when you can maintain the training _________________ needed to prepare for competition.

A

RBCs

velocity/intensity

199
Q

10) On the summit of Mt. Everest, your VO2max is approximately _______ mL/kg/min. Successful climbers have a high capacity for _____________________, which increases/decreases acidity.

A

15

hyperventilation

200
Q

1) Hormones released from endocrine glands are releases directly into the _________________. These hormones will bind to ___________________ found in or on the cells of target tissues.

A

tba

201
Q

2) The strength of the effect of a hormone is largely determined by the ____________________ of the hormone in the blood plasma, which can be determined by the rate __________________ of the hormone from endocrine glands.

A

tba

202
Q

3) Downregulation refers specifically to the increase/decrease of hormone receptors in response to high/low concentration of the hormone.

A

tba

203
Q

1) Upregulation refers specifically to the increase/decrease of hormone receptors in response to high/low concentration of the hormone.

A

tba

204
Q

2) When insulin is secreted, it will bind to the ___________ subunit of its receptor, which is named _____________________________. When the binding occurs, it will cause the __________ subunit to add ___________________ to itself.

A

tba

205
Q

3) Continuing from #5, the activated receptor will cause a cascade of signaling events in the cell, which will cause vesicles containing ______________ to move to the cell membrane to allow ___________________ to enter the cell.

A

tba

206
Q

4) Steroid hormones exert their action by moving through the cell all the way into the ___________________. There, they will interact with the ___________ , which will result in synthesis of _________________.

A

tba

207
Q

5) When epinephrine binds to its receptor in skeletal muscle tissue, it will activate _______________ embedded in the cell membrane. This then activates _______________ in the membrane, which will convert ATP in the cell into a molecule of ______________. This process will end when the enzyme _______________________ is activated.

A

tba

208
Q

6) When growth hormone-releasing hormone binds to its receptor, after the G protein is activated, it will activate _____________ channels in the membrane, which will increase cytoplasmic __________________ levels. This will activate a protein called __________________, which will then activate a protein to cause the cellular response.

A

tba

209
Q

7) Continuing from #9, the activated G protein can also activate a membrane protein called ___________________, which will act on a molecule known as _______________________. This molecule will split into two molecules, _______________________ and ______________.

A

tba

210
Q

In alarm/resistance phase of GAS what happens?

A 
ER
RI
AS
VC
DS
PD
MC
HRI
AD
And cortisol released to allow blood glucose maintainence

Exercise Physiology (5 decks)

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