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Exercise Physiology > 384 final exam > Flashcards

384 final exam Flashcards

1
Q

At rest, how is 100% of ATP produced?

A

aerobic metabolic pathway

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2
Q

What are low during rest?

A

blood lactate levels

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3
Q

resting O2 consumption in L/min

A

0.25 L/min

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4
Q

Rest to exercise transition ATP increases or decreases how

A

increases immediately

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5
Q

Rest to exs oxygen uptake

A

increases rapidly

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6
Q

In rest to exs transition, oxygen uptake increases rapidly how?

A

Reaches steady state within 1-4 minutes, and after steady state is reached, atp requirement is met through aerobic ATP production

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7
Q

In rest to exs transition, oxygen uptake increases rapidly how?

A

Reaches steady state within 1-4 minutes, and after steady state is reached, atp requirement is met through aerobic ATP production

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8
Q

Rest to exs, initial ATP production is through

A

anerobic pathways

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9
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

lag in o2 uptake at the start of exs until steady has been achieved

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10
Q

Who has a lower O2 deficit?

A

trained subjects

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11
Q

Why do trained athletes have a lower o2 deficit?

A

Better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity due to cardiovascular or muscular adaptations, which results in less production of lactate and H+

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12
Q

Recovery from Exs, o2 uptake remains what above rest into recovery?

A

elevated

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13
Q

The higher intensity, the what

A

more oxygen needed in recovery

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14
Q

o2 debt

A

repayment of o2 deficit at onset of exercise; used to resynthesis PC to make ATP later

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15
Q

EPOC

A

excess post-exs o2 consumption

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16
Q

EPOC terminolgy reflects that ~

A

20% elevated o2 consumption used to “repay” o2 deficit

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17
Q

EPOC terminolgy reflects that ~

A

20% elevated o2 consumption used to “repay” o2 deficit

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18
Q

EPOC

A

rapid and slow portion of O2 debt

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19
Q

Rapid portion of o2 debt

A

resynthesis of stored PC, and replenishing muscle and blood o2 stores

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20
Q

slow portion of o2 debt

A

Elevated HR and breathing = increased energy need
Elevated body temp = increased metabolic rate
Elevated E and NE = increased metabolic rate
Conversion of Lactate to glucose called gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

EPOC is greater following

A

higher intensity exs

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22
Q

Why is EPOC is greater following higher intensity exs?

A

Higher body temp
greater depletion of PC since additional o2 is required for resynthesis
Greater blood concentrations of lactate and H+ creates greater level of gluconeogenesis
Higher levels of blood E and NE, returns homeostasis quickly after exs

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23
Q

Why is EPOC is greater following higher intensity exs?

A

Higher body temp
greater depletion of PC since additional o2 is required for resynthesis
Greater blood concentrations of lactate and H+ creates greater level of gluconeogenesis
Higher levels of blood E and NE, returns homeostasis quickly after exs

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24
Q

Removal of lactate and H+ following exs classical theory

A

majority of La converted to glucose in liver

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25
Q

Removal of lactate and H+ following exs recent evidence suggests

A

that 70% of LA is oxidized by LDH and used as a substrate by heart and skel msucle, and 20% is converted to glucose by the liver

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26
Q

Removal of lactate and H+ following exs recent evidence suggests

A

that 70% of LA is oxidized by LDH and used as a substrate by heart and skel msucle, and 20% is converted to glucose by the liver

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27
Q

Type I and IIa fibers like

A

pyruvate going to Acetyl CoA in krebs

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28
Q

Removal of lactate and H+ following exs recent evidence suggests

A

that 70% of LA is oxidized by LDH and used as a substrate by heart and skel msucle, and 20% is converted to glucose by the liver, 10% converted to AAs

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29
Q

Type I and IIa fibers like

A

pyruvate going to Acetyl CoA in krebs

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30
Q

LA is removed how

A

more rapidly with light exs in recovery

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31
Q

optimal intensity for LA removal is ~

A

30-40% VO2max

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32
Q

Prolonged exercise is >

A

10 min

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33
Q

Prolonged exercise ATP production is primarily from

A

aerobic metabolism

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34
Q

prolonged exs steady state oxygen uptake can generally be

A

maintained during submax exs via oxidative phosphorylation

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35
Q

Prolonged exs in a hot/humid environment or at high intesity upward what

A

drift in o2 uptake over time, therefore steady state is typically not achieved due to body temp and rising E and NE

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36
Q

O2 uptake increases how unitl

A

linearly until maximal o2 uptake (VO2max) is reached, and no furhter increase in vo2 with increasing workrate

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37
Q

VO2max is a what? affected by what 2 things?

A

Physiological ceiling for delievery of o2 to muscle, and is affected by genetics and training

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38
Q

Physiological factors influencing VO2max include

A

maximal ability of Cardiorespiratory sys to deliever o2 to muscle, and ability of muscle to use oxygen and yield ATP aerobically

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39
Q

what is Lactate threshold?

A

LT is the point at which blood lactate rises systematically during incremental exs

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40
Q

LT appears at

A

~50-60 VO2max in untrained subjects, and at higher work rates for trained ~ 65-80% vo2max

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41
Q

LT aka

A

Anaerobic threshold or OBLA (Onset of blood lactate accumulation)

42
Q

LT is when blood lactate levels reach

A

4 mmol/L

43
Q

LT is when blood lactate levels reach

A

4 mmol/L

44
Q

Explanations for the LT

A

Low muscle o2 (hypoxia), accelerated glycolysis, recruitment of fast-twitch fibers, and reduced rate of lactate removal

45
Q

Why does accerlated glucolysis explain LT

A

NADH produced faster than it is shuttled into mitochondria, and excess NADH in cytoplasm converts pyruvate to lactate

46
Q

Why does recruitment of fast-twitch fibers explain LT

A

LDH isozyme in fast fibers promotes lactate formation

47
Q

Why does recruitment of fast-twitch fibers explain LT

A

LDH isozyme in fast fibers promotes lactate formation

48
Q

2 practical uses of LT

A

1) Prediction of performance combined with VO2max

2) Planning Training programs becuase its a marker of training intensity and one could choose a HR based on LT

49
Q

DOMS occurs

A

24-48 hours after exs

50
Q

Does Lactate cause muscle soreness?

A

Phsyiological evidence does not support this claim since lactate removal is rapid 60 minutes follwoing exs

51
Q

Power athletes should experience what after eeveery workout?

A

DOMS

52
Q

What is rare following routine workout?

A

muscle soreness

53
Q

What causes muscle soreness?

A

Microscopic injury to muscle fibers leads to inflammation?

54
Q

What causes muscle soreness?

A

Microscopic injury to muscle fibers leads to inflammation?

55
Q

Low intensity exercise uses what primary fuel?

A

Fats are fuel for

56
Q

High intensity fuel source

A

Carbs >70%vo2max

57
Q

Crossover concept

A

Describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exs intensity increases due to recruitment of fast muscle fibers and increasing blood levels of E

58
Q

Crossover concept

What is it and how it does this?

A

Describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exs intensity increases due to recruitment of fast muscle fibers and increasing blood levels of E

59
Q

Is low intensity exs best for burning fat?

A

no

60
Q

At low intensity (~20%vo2max, a blank

A

high percentage of EE (~60%) derived from fat, however, total energy expended is low, so total fat oxidation is low as well

61
Q

At higher intensities,

A

lower % of energy ~ 40% from fat, but total EE is higher and total fat oxidation is higher as well

62
Q

Prolonged low intensity results in what and how?

A

shift from carbs metabolism toward fat metabolism due to an increased rate of lipolysis, which is the breakdown of TG to glycerol and FFA via enzymes called lipases that are stimualted by rising blood levels of E

63
Q

Fats burn in the flame of

A

carbs

64
Q

Why does fat burn in a carb flame?

A

Glycogen is depleted during prolonged high intensity exs in muscle and liver. This results in a reduced rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate when carb stores become depleted, which cause reduced Krebs cycle intermediates due to hindered glycolysis. This will cause reduced fat oxidation since fats are metabolized by Krebs cycle.

65
Q

Why does fat burn in a carb flame?

A

Glycogen is depleted during prolonged high intensity exs in muscle and liver. This results in a reduced rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate when carb stores become depleted, which cause reduced Krebs cycle intermediates due to hindered glycolysis. This will cause reduced fat oxidation since fats are metabolized by Krebs cycle.

66
Q

During endurance exs what contributes to fatigue?

A

Depletion of muscle and blood carbs stores contributes to fatigue.

67
Q

Ingestion of carbs can

A

improve endurance performance during submax (90 min) exs

68
Q

How grams of carbs are required per hour?

A

30-60 g carbs/ hr

69
Q

Carbs during performane may improve

A

performacne in shorter, higher intensity events as well

70
Q

Muscle glycogen is the primary source of

A

carbs during high intensity exs

71
Q

Muscle glycogen supplies much of

A

the carb in the first hour of exs

72
Q

Blood glucose is from

A

liver glycogenolysis

73
Q

Blood glucose is primary source of

A

carbs during low-intensity exs

74
Q

blood glucose is vital during how long as

A

long duration exs as muscle glycogen levels decline

75
Q

Sources of Fat during EXS

A

Intramuscular TGs

Plasma FFA

76
Q

sources of carbs during EXS

A

muscle glycogen

blood glucose

77
Q

sources of carbs during EXS

A

muscle glycogen

blood glucose

78
Q

Intramuscular TGs are primary source of

A

fat during higher intensity exs

79
Q

Plasma FFA is from

A

adipose tissue lipolysis, which is when TGs breakdown into glycerol and FFA

80
Q

Plasma FFA is from

A

adipose tissue lipolysis, which is when TGs breakdown into glycerol and FFA

81
Q

FFA is converted to

A

Acetyl-CoA and enters Krebs cycle

82
Q

PRimary source of fat is during

A

low-intensity exs

83
Q

FFA becomes more vital as muscle TG levels do what for what

A

decline in long-duration exs

84
Q

FFA becomes more vital as muscle TG levels do how for what

A

decline in long-duration exs

85
Q

FFA becomes more vital as muscle TG levels do how for what

A

decline in long-duration exs

86
Q

Source of Protein during exs

A

Proteins broken down by AAs

87
Q

Muscle can directly do what

A

metabolize BCAAs and alanine

88
Q

Liver can convert what AA to glucose

A

alanine to glucose

89
Q

Liver can convert what AA to glucose

A

alanine to glucose

90
Q

Protein break down to AAs is only a

A

small contribution ~2% to total energy production during Exs, and may increase 5-10% late in prolonged duration exs

91
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that degrade proteins

92
Q

Proteases are activated when?

A

in long-term exercise

93
Q

Proteases are activated when?

A

in long-term exercise

94
Q

Lactate can be used as a blank and how so?

A

fuel source by skel muscle and the heart by being converted to pyruvate which is converted into acetyl-CoA and enters krebs cycle

95
Q

lactate can be converted to what in liver, what is this called

A

glucose in liver = gluconeogenesis/ Cori cycle

96
Q

lactate can be converted to what in liver, what is this called

A

glucose in liver = gluconeogenesis/ Cori cycle

97
Q

Lactate shuttle is when

A

lactate produced in one tissue and transported to another

98
Q

Explain Cori Cycle

A

Lactate is produced by skel muscle and is transported to liver. Liver converts lactate to glucose called gluconeogenesis, and glucose is transported back to muscle and used as a fuel.

99
Q

Explain Cori Cycle

A

Lactate is produced by skel muscle and is transported to liver. Liver converts lactate to glucose called gluconeogenesis, and glucose is transported back to muscle and used as a fuel.

100
Q

R =

A

VCO2/VO2

101
Q

R for palmitic acid (FFA)

A

0.70

102
Q

R for carbs/glucose =

A

1.00

Exercise Physiology (5 decks)

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