Test 2 Flashcards by Reggie White

4 P’s

Policies
Place
People
Procedure

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What are the deliverables of the SIPOC process

Select Project Y
Develop Data Collection Plan
Describe and Display Variation
Calculate Process Sigma

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6 M’s

Machines
Materials
Methods 
Measurements 
Mother Nature 
Mankind

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Data Collection

Types of Data
Measurement Scales
Sampling Methods
Collection Methods

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What are the three types of data?

Attribute Data
Variables Data
Locational Data

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Variable Data

Measured on continous scale

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Attribute Data

Involve counts of articles or counts of events.

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Locational Data

Does not fit into either category discussed. Answers the question “where”

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NOIR

Nomial
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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Nominal

Data consists of names or categories only. No ordering scheme is possible.

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Ordinal (Ranking)

Dats is arranged in some order but differences between values cannot be determined or are meaningless.

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Interval

Data is arranged in order and differences can be found. However, there is no inherent starting point and ratios are meaningless.

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Ratio

An extension of the interval level that includes an inherent zero starting point. Both differences and ratios are meaningful.

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Basics of collecting data

Observational Study

Experimental Study

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Observational Study

Observing and measuring specific characteristics without attempting to modify the subjects being studied.

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Experimental Study

Apply some treatment and then observe its effects on subjects; (subjects in experiments are called experimental units)

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Sampling Methods

Random 
Systematic 
Convenience
Stratified 
Cluster

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Random Sample

Members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual member in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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Probablity Sample

Selecting members from a population in such a way that each member of the population has a known chance of being selected.

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Convenience Sampling

Uses results that are easy to get

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Systematic Sampling

Select some starting point then select every kth element in the population.

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Stratified Sampling

Subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups that share the same charateristics, then draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum)

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Cluster Sampling

Divide the population area into sections; randomly select some of those clusters; choose all members from selected clusters

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How can one collect information?

Automatically
By Hand
Checksheets

Precision

Getting consistent results repeatedly.

Accuracy

Getting an unbiased true value.

Repeatability

It is the ability to repeat the same measurement by the same operator.

Reproducibility

It is variability introduced into the measurement system by the bias difference of different operators.

Measures of Location

Mean (Average) | Median

Measures of Variance

Range Standard Deviation Variance

s s^2 Sigma Sigma^2

Sample standard deviation Sample variance Population standard deviation Population variance

Standard Error

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of some statistics.

Discrete Probability Distributions

Binomial Distribution Hypergeometric Distribution Poisson Distribution

What is the Bernoulli Process?

1. The experiment consists of n repeated trials. 2. Each trial results in an outcome that may be classified as a success or failure. 3. The probability of success, denoted by p, remains constant from trial to trial. 4. The repeated trials are independent.

Hypogeometric

N = n = k = # of successes X = Takes values of 0,1,2,....k

Ishikawa is generally credited with the advancement of which problem-solving tool?

Cause-and-Effect diagrams

Process Flowcharts can be used to:

All of the above

A stable process has a distribution with mean = 100, median = 90. This distribution is:

Skewed right

A stable process has a distribution with mean = 100, median = 110. This distribution is:

Skewed left

The binomial distribution is a discrete distribution and may be used to describe;

The case of n independent trials with probabilities constant from trial to trial.

Histograms

Give us a graphical view of process location and variation

When using Process Capability estimates

The process must be in control or the estimate is misleading

When using Process Capability estimates

A Cpk value greater than 1.33 is usually preferred.

A Cp value of 1.0 means

The process size is equal to specification

The variation within the control limits on a statistical control chart provide an indication of

Common cause variation in the process

If Cp is calculated as 1.0 and Cpk calculated to be 0.75, then

Both a and b above

For a hospital emergency department, if a process improvement team counts the number of infections, they are using:

Attribute data

Scatter diagrams..... are techniques and tools used in problem-solving.

Pareto, Flowchart, Why-Why diagram, and Cause and Effect diagram.

All the following statements are true, except:

Multiple regression involves one independent variable and two or more dependent variables.

In constructing a Scatter Diagram, it is customary to put the dependent variable on

The y-axis

A "p" chart

Plots either the fraction or percent defective

The control chart that is most sensitive to varation in a measurement is:

X-bar and R-chart

A p chart is a type of control chart for:

Plotting fraction defective results from shipping inspection samples

In a SIPOC analysis, stakeholders are usually:

Suppliers and customers

Determine the correct chart(s) for the salt content of potato chips using samples of three every 15 minutes.

a. a or b above

Cpk is the ratio that reflects

a. How the process is performing in relation to nomial, center, or target value

Central Limit Theorem

A group of sample averages tends to be normally distributed; as the sample size n increases, tendency toward normality improves. Use of sampling to analyze population.

Objectives of control charts for variables

Two basic functions: As decision-making tools. As problem-solving tools. Enable one to analyze the variation present.