Test 2 Flashcards
4 P’s
Policies
Place
People
Procedure
What are the deliverables of the SIPOC process
Select Project Y
Develop Data Collection Plan
Describe and Display Variation
Calculate Process Sigma
6 M’s
Machines Materials Methods Measurements Mother Nature Mankind
Data Collection
Types of Data
Measurement Scales
Sampling Methods
Collection Methods
What are the three types of data?
Attribute Data
Variables Data
Locational Data
Variable Data
Measured on continous scale
Attribute Data
Involve counts of articles or counts of events.
Locational Data
Does not fit into either category discussed. Answers the question “where”
NOIR
Nomial
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal
Data consists of names or categories only. No ordering scheme is possible.
Ordinal (Ranking)
Dats is arranged in some order but differences between values cannot be determined or are meaningless.
Interval
Data is arranged in order and differences can be found. However, there is no inherent starting point and ratios are meaningless.
Ratio
An extension of the interval level that includes an inherent zero starting point. Both differences and ratios are meaningful.
Basics of collecting data
Observational Study
Experimental Study
Observational Study
Observing and measuring specific characteristics without attempting to modify the subjects being studied.
Experimental Study
Apply some treatment and then observe its effects on subjects; (subjects in experiments are called experimental units)
Sampling Methods
Random Systematic Convenience Stratified Cluster
Random Sample
Members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual member in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Probablity Sample
Selecting members from a population in such a way that each member of the population has a known chance of being selected.
Convenience Sampling
Uses results that are easy to get
Systematic Sampling
Select some starting point then select every kth element in the population.
Stratified Sampling
Subdivide the population into at least two different subgroups that share the same charateristics, then draw a sample from each subgroup (or stratum)
Cluster Sampling
Divide the population area into sections; randomly select some of those clusters; choose all members from selected clusters
How can one collect information?
Automatically
By Hand
Checksheets
Precision
Getting consistent results repeatedly.
Accuracy
Getting an unbiased true value.
Repeatability
It is the ability to repeat the same measurement by the same operator.
Reproducibility
It is variability introduced into the measurement system by the bias difference of different operators.
Measures of Location
Mean (Average)
Median
Measures of Variance
Range
Standard Deviation
Variance
s
s^2
Sigma
Sigma^2
Sample standard deviation
Sample variance
Population standard deviation
Population variance
Standard Error
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of some statistics.
Discrete Probability Distributions
Binomial Distribution
Hypergeometric Distribution
Poisson Distribution
What is the Bernoulli Process?
- The experiment consists of n repeated trials.
- Each trial results in an outcome that may be classified as a success or failure.
- The probability of success, denoted by p, remains constant from trial to trial.
- The repeated trials are independent.
Hypogeometric
N =
n =
k = # of successes
X = Takes values of 0,1,2,….k
Ishikawa is generally credited with the advancement of which problem-solving tool?
Cause-and-Effect diagrams
Process Flowcharts can be used to:
All of the above
A stable process has a distribution with mean = 100, median = 90. This distribution is:
Skewed right
A stable process has a distribution with mean = 100, median = 110. This distribution is:
Skewed left
The binomial distribution is a discrete distribution and may be used to describe;
The case of n independent trials with probabilities constant from trial to trial.
Histograms
Give us a graphical view of process location and variation
When using Process Capability estimates
The process must be in control or the estimate is misleading
When using Process Capability estimates
A Cpk value greater than 1.33 is usually preferred.
A Cp value of 1.0 means
The process size is equal to specification
The variation within the control limits on a statistical control chart provide an indication of
Common cause variation in the process
If Cp is calculated as 1.0 and Cpk calculated to be 0.75, then
Both a and b above
For a hospital emergency department, if a process improvement team counts the number of infections, they are using:
Attribute data
Scatter diagrams….. are techniques and tools used in problem-solving.
Pareto, Flowchart, Why-Why diagram, and Cause and Effect diagram.
All the following statements are true, except:
Multiple regression involves one independent variable and two or more dependent variables.
In constructing a Scatter Diagram, it is customary to put the dependent variable on
The y-axis
A “p” chart
Plots either the fraction or percent defective
The control chart that is most sensitive to varation in a measurement is:
X-bar and R-chart
A p chart is a type of control chart for:
Plotting fraction defective results from shipping inspection samples
In a SIPOC analysis, stakeholders are usually:
Suppliers and customers
Determine the correct chart(s) for the salt content of potato chips using samples of three every 15 minutes.
a. a or b above
Cpk is the ratio that reflects
a. How the process is performing in relation to nomial, center, or target value
Central Limit Theorem
A group of sample averages tends to be normally distributed; as the sample size n increases, tendency toward normality improves. Use of sampling to analyze population.
Objectives of control charts for variables
Two basic functions:
As decision-making tools.
As problem-solving tools.
Enable one to analyze the variation present.
