Test 2 Flashcards
Process of blood cell production.
Haematopoeisis
Most abundent protein in the blood.
albumin
What is hematostasis?
stoppage of blood
And product of homeostasis/ coagulation/ clotting factor.
Fibrin
Pt with H?O hepatitis have deficiency of clotting factor because liver is responsible for producing…
procoagulant prothrombin and fibrinogen
What can prevent blood clotting.
active fibrinolysis
What binds and cleaves plasminogen to make plasmin?
Streotokinase (bacterial orgin)
Excessive clotting due to increase thrombocyte is called…
thrombocythemia
In vitamin B12 and Folic acid deficiency what will be the change in HgB?
Normal HgB content (chromic to normal)
In vitamin B12 and Folic acid deficiency ; note what about rbc size
cytic change will be occuring as it b12 and folic acid need for maturation, so only cystic change will occur and chromic will be normal, RBC will be macrocytic-megaloblastc anemia)
Woman came to the ER with signs and syymtoms of yellowish pale skin which is suggestive of which type of anemia.
Hemolytic anemia
82 year old woman dx with polycythemia. What are the signs and symptoms?
- plethora (overabundance)
aquagenic pruritus
What is aquagenic pruritus?
severe itching with contact to water
What is the significance of sickle cell anemia?
Deoxygenated abnormal HgB (HbS) crystallized and damage the endothelial wall of blood vessels and cause blood vessel occlusion
Abnormality of α OR β globin biosynthesis is called..
thalassemia
Which one is not a normal tissue change?
Leukopenia
Leukopenia
reduction in white blood cells
What is the clinical manifestation of leukopenia?
C/F (ulceration of mucous membrane)Note- infection, fever, septicemia (rare), may lead to ulcer- particularly around the mouth, airways, colon and skin; diarrhea, malaise/fatigue/weakness, tachycardia)
What is leukopenia typically treated with?
hematopoietic growth factor
What is leukocytosis?
abnormal increase in leukocytes (>11000/μl)
Granulocytosis occurs in.
( increased neutrophils - Bacterial infection, eosinophil’s, basophils – microbial invasion
Eosinophilia occurs in.
hypersensativity reactions and parasitic infection (increased number of eosinophils)
Monocytosis occurs when…
(increased number of monocytes in the blood) prolonged infection where most of the neutrophils have died
Lymphocytosis occurs with…
(increased lymphocytes) viral infections
What is the most common cause if infectious mononucleosis (MONO)
EPSTEIN BAR VIRUS (EBV) (cause acute infection of B lymphocyte)
In which Leukemia mostly immature lymphocyte undifferentiated cell(B cell) present
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL)
What is the most common cancer in children?
acute lymphocytic leukaemia
In which Leukemia mostly mature lymphocyte B cell is affected
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
What is the most common cancer in north america
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
What is the term of excess # of circulating thrombocytes?
Thrombocytosis (>400,000⁄μl)
What is the term for a decrease in the # of circulating platelets?
thrombocytopenia (<100 000/μl)
What is the term for microvascular thrombosis (increased thrombosis occurs)?
thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis
Signs and symptoms of thrombocythemia.
warm, red extremities with itchy sensation more common on toes and fingers
In hepatitis liver dysfunction which clotting factor will be absent.
Prothrombin and Fibrinogen
A genetic bleeding disorder.
hemophilia
What kind of disorder is hemophilia?
x linked recessive disorder mostly in males
Major cause for concern with hemophilia.
internal hemorrhage
When significant abnormal bleeding occurs with DIC what happens?
depleted clotting factor
What does DIC stand for?
disseminated intravascular coagulation
Which cell is mostly the cause for multiple myeloma?
Multiple Myeloma is a β cell malignancy of terminally differentiated Plasma cell
mediastinum means medial cavity of the thorax which contains…
heart and great vessels
(start of CVS)
Which one is the outer most layer of there pericardium
fibrous pericardium
VISCERAL layer of SEROUS PERICARDIUM is also known as
epicardium
Arrange and pick the 5th
- Rt. Atrium, Rt. Ventricle, Lt. atrium, Lt. ventricle, Aorta
aorta
What detects pressure?
baroreceptors
Which pressure takes blood out of the capillary and to the arterial ends?
hydrostatic pressure`
Where will disorders of the valves cause back flow of blood in the heart?
right ventricle
When the mitral valve is stiff and difficult to open, what does this cause?
accumulation of blood in the left atrium
What prevent the connected cardiac muscle to separate?
Desmosomes
Which node of the heart is the first one to depolarize?
SA nodes
In ECG what is represented by the T wave?
ventricular repolarization
What is peripheral resistance decreased by?
arterial dilation
Who has the lowest HR male, female, baby?
male
Heart rate will be lowest in..
athletic males
What is the order of vessels to the heart?
great vessels large arteries med arteries small arteries arterioles capilleries venules veins
What is the major difference between arteries and veins?
arteries carry blood away from the heart
What initiates atherosclerosis?
Endothelial cell damage & inflammatory response, build up of plaque
What is a foam cell?
Macrophages engulf the lipoprotein and form foam cell in ENDOTHELIAL INJURY DURING ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Foam cell ______ into fatty streaks. Foam cell release ____ ____ for fibroblast and free radicle and causing more chronic damage
accumulate
growth factor
78 year old women with obesity typically has what major cause of atherosclerosis?
hyperlipidemia
What is a thrombus?
a blood clot
venous embolism that commonly occurs at the lungs is called …
pulmonary embolism
Most common site of aneurysm…
abdominal aorta
The Aneurysms where the circumferential dilatation of the vessel, without rupture occur is called …
fusiform type (true aneurysm)
Varicose vein can be caused by…
prolonged standing
78 years old obese female with varicose vein has the manifestation of
hyperlipidemia
hypertension could lead to the following except
slow atherosclerosis
infectious pericarditis is caused by…
bacterial infection
Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity is called…
pericardial effusion
Condition of accumulation of excessive fluid and pressure build up in the pericardial space is called…
cardiac temponade
What is constrictive pericarditis?
fibrous scarring
A disorder where pericardial layer and obliteration of pericardial cavity with decreased CO and fibrosis and thick capsule present is called …
constrictive pericarditis
If diagnosed with CAD and not treated could lead to
Myocardial Ischemia
Irreversible hypoxia leads to …
myocardial infarction
What is the time following occlusion when cardiac muscle will completely use up energy reserve?
8-10 seconds when the ischemia develops
How long does it take for irreversible damage to result from occlusion?
30 min
72 YEARS OLD CLIENT DURING SNOW PLOUGHING EXPERIENCED SHARP CHEST PAIN FOR ( 3-5min) 2-3 sec & Pain ceases with rest , this is
stable angina
What is a small area of necrosis in the left ventricle duct beyond endocardium called?
sub-endocardial infart
What is true about Transmural infarct
More likely to cause Fatal MI/ Heart attack
What signifies myocardial infarct?
Lab investigation with increased cardiac specific Troponin I/T, Creatinine phosphate, myoglobin
Signs of MI
CHEST PAIN RADIATE TO NECK SHOULDER AND Lt. ATRIUM
Which drugs inhibit effects of Epinephrin/ adrenalin and slows HR
beta blocker
Thrombolitic therapy for clot busting?
TpA (clot buster) followed by heparin (anticoagulant)
Hemorrhage into the pericardial sac leads to heart compression and death due to…
myocardial rupture
Dilation of all the chambers of the heart with weakness can be secondary to infection inflammation occurs in
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What is dilated cardiomyopathy?
genetic linked and can be secondary to infection, alcohol abuse/ toxins
Deposition of amyloid (starch like protein ) between myocardial fibers occurs in
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Infective Endocarditis usually caused by
Bacteria (Staph/ Strept)
Rh. Heart disease is commonly caused by
Streptococcus infection